Exam 2 EQs Flashcards
Intense Agriculture
A: Produce 5x-20x more food than Horticultre, Surpluss
B: Varieties
1: Livestock & Plow in Europe / Africa
2: Mesa-America & South America - no livestock
a. Aztecs - chinampas, platforms in Lake
b. Andean Tribes - Terraces
C: Cultural Consequences
1: Produce Surplus
2: Larger Social & Political Organizations
3: Civilizations - Cities and States
a. More people who dont farm to fight, pottery, candles
b. Peasants - produce the surplus
Horticulture
I. Use hand toold for farming, supplements hunter gathering
A: Varieties
1: Shifting Cultivastion (slash and burn) in Central South America
2: Dry Land gardening - arid regions
- US Southwest, Hopi Corn Feilds
- Plant high and low, One feild can be destroyed by frost or flood not both
B: Cultural Consequences
1: Villages, Sedentary Populations
2: Land Rights Clearly Defined - claim, so long as working your feild you have right to it.
Foraging
III. aka Hunter Gatherers ~10k y ago was 100%, 1km^2 to feed one person
A: Inuit - Not nomadic, planned moves.
Winter; hunt on ice
Summer; Land to hunt birds and gather berries
1: Division of Labor by age and sex
2: Seasonal Mobility - Hadza; Menominee
Hadza; West Africa, Wet season - temp waterholes, Dry - Permanante waterhole
Menom; Summer gather up to 200, Winter hunt in bands of >50
3: Reciprocal Sharing: Share between everyone, Works because bands are extended family
4: Resource Allocation - usufructary Rights
- Respect for others hunting ground
5: Some exceptions Kwakiutl, Cheyanne
- Kwakuitl didnt move because of weather temperment
- Great Plains Indians, Bison so plentiful they could gather in 1000s
B: No longer exist because population growth
Victor Turner
C: Rites of Passage - common adolescence -> adulthood
1: Victor Turner - 3 Basic elements
a. Seperation: Seperate from community
b. Lininality: Transition
c. Incorporation: Mix w/ Adults
2: Male Ritual in Highlands of New Guinea ~10y long
a. Seperation - boys move in with men house
b. Liminality - cut nose, and Pene, made to vomit
c. Incorporation - taught to cut oneself, given boar tusk like other men
3: Female Initiation: Mescalero Apache
- female ritual mainly in matrilineal
a. Serperation - Go to 4 day camp
b. Liminality - Cover in white clay like myth
c. Incorporation - Celebration, Mothers of the Tribe
Marital Exchange
A: Not practiced in Western world
1: Bridewealth - Swazi, Africa: Pay family for a bride
2: Brideservice - Yanomamo, Amazon: Help father of wife abt 6-12 months
3: Dowry - South Asia: woman give something to mens family. Family has no claim to the man
Marriage Rules Across Culture
I. Variations
A: Marriage Rules
1: Exogamous Rules - Incest Taboo, how close to nuclear allowed to marry depends
2: Endogamous Rules - How far out are allowed to marry, Caste, Maintain social barriers
B: How many Sposes
1: Monogamy
2: Polygamy
a. Polygny, mormons or Acholii People
b. Polyandry - Nepal / Tibet Fraternal Polyandry, Brothers share wife
c. Group Marriage - Caingang Brazil, Oneida Community in Western world failed.
Consequences of Market System
A: Market Principles
1: Virtually every good & service have value
2: Most people sell something for living, labor physical or intellecual
3: Factors of production are allocated by market, suppyl&demand:
- oil producing nations generally keep supply low to keep price high
B: Cultural Aspects of Market Economy
1: Family is more stressed
2: Values - Cars are lux in non-market, need in market
3: Cultural costs
Money in Market System
V. Market exchange - money, prices, demand, private property
- money only has value because we give it value
- Earliest Lydian Coins, dame size and metal purity
A: Characteristics
1: Medium of exchange - Relative value
- Relative, two things have same value
- Medium, turn anything into anything, not just trade
2: Standard of Value - Divisible to some degree
3: Store of value - durable, must last a while
B: Requirments of Money: Controllable; Portable
- Control of Supply and Demand, and portable to some degree
1: Cowrie shells and Cocoa beans
2: Yap Money: Giant stones that hardly move.
