Exam 3 (End Of Unit) Flashcards
Shi Huangdi (chin dynasty)
Oppressive to the people.
- practiced legalism —> strict laws and brash punishments
- burned books, limited education
Ashoka (Mayuryan Empire)
Employed religion to rule
- created laws ( or also called edicts) based on Buddhist teachings
- practiced religion tolerance
Justinian ( Byzantine empire)
Reformer of government ; supportive of the arts
- created a code of laws, influenced by the Roman Twelve Tables
- Hagia Sophia created under his rule (church that represented Byzantine power)
Charlemagne ( Holy Roman Empire)
Employed religion to rule; oppressive to the people
- spread out Christianity throughout Western Europe
- executed those who didn’t connect
GUNPOWDER
- used for fireworks
- recorded in the 9th century
( created under the song dynasty began to be used for bombs and other types of warfare)
Gunpowder Empires
Yuan and Ming helped to spread this innovation, the Ottoman, Mughal and Safavid used gunpowder to become major world powers.
Legitimize
Rulers trying to demonstrate that they are deserving power
Timeline
Ming Dynasty - (1368-1644 CE)
Ottoman Dynasty - ( 1299-1922 CE)
Mughal - (1526-1761 CE)
Safavid ( 1501-1736 CE)
Yuan Dynasty
Mongol Rule in China which lasted from 1271- 1368 C.E.
Kublai Khan
- a grandson of Genghis Khan.
- kublai focused his power on modern day China, established himself as an emperor of a new dynasty, the yuan dynasty in 1271 CE
- leader of mongols and also conquered a lot of land. He started a period of peace called pax Mongolica, he expanded his holdings in china and etc
The Yuan dynasty was a TURNING POINT in history because it was the first time in Chinese history that the people who were united under the rule of those who weren’t ethnically Chinese. - HOW? - created a social class system based on race, used Confucian teachings.
Marco Polo
- European explorer and merchant from modern day Italy
- spent time in Yuan Dynasty and Kublai Khans court
Notes
Tang Dynasty - gunpowder
Mandate of Heaven - gives the emperor the power to
Yuan Dynasty fell because of rebellion
Confucianism
Confucianism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Confuis created during Warring States
Filial Piety- respect for elders
5 relationships - son respects the parent, younger sibling respects the older sibling, women men, men to etc
KABLAI KHAN AND SUBSEQUENT YUAN LEADERS ADOPTED CONFUCIANISM TO APPEAL TO THE CHINESE AND LEGITIMIZE THIER RULE
subsequent - following, ensuring, succeeding , occurring or coming later or after
IMPACTS: a lot of trading across silk roads, innovations, interconnectedness
Social hierarchy , pyramid, upper class given more preferences, first go mongols then non Chinese then north Chinese and then south Chinese , it was all based on their race
Religion tolerance
Syncretism
- merging of various religious beliefs
- confucianism, Daoist, and Buddhist are all going to mix and end up into Neo-Confucianism.
- a union or attempted fusion of different religions, cultures, or philosophies (syncretism definition)
White Lotus Society
- a syncretic religious group
- they led a rebellion against the Yuan known as the Red Turban Rebellion between 1351-1368.
Emperor Hongwu (born as peasant)
- born Zhu Yuanzhang to a peasant family, joined a group known as the Red Turban Rebellion, declared himself emperor of the Ming Dynasty on January 23 rd, 1368
- conquered Yuan capital
Golden Age
- a time period when a civilization experiences prosperity (wealth), peace, and innovations.
Yongle Emperor
-third ruler of Ming Dynasty
-Utilized Neo-Confucianism
- added elements of Buddhism and Daoism into Confucianism
- Built a capital named the forbidden city in Beijing
- Restored Chinese traditional values after driving out Mongols
Zheng He
(his ships called “Zheng ships”
- Chinese naval officer and diplomat
- commanded seven expeditions around the Indian Ocean in the 1400s
- the voyages he commanded were important in extending the influence of China.
-traveled 31000 miles, 31 countries, 2 continents, for 28 years - captured a wanted pirate and executed
- brought back exotic animals as a tribute (giraffe)
- Ming emperor sponsored his journeys (-7)
- Zheng he was a unic (he was punished by the emperor for affairs with girls and wanting to start a family, stopping journies, so he removed his things so he would never have a family again.)
Tribute
- a payment made one state or ruler to another
- In order for other Civilizations to trade with china, their leaders needed to show respect, (kneel when meeting etc)
Mini Quiz
- The map illustrates that Zheng He explored Arabia and the east coast of Africa.
- Which conclusion can be made about the Ming Dynasty of China as a result of the travels of Zheng He? - Advanced navigation technology was available in China.
- The Ming Dynasty intent was to demonstrate the supremacy and strength in China.
Middle Kingdom
- China called itself a “Middle Kingdom” because they believe China was the center of the world.
- it was implying the superior role
- China thought so because they had the most innovations, all the goods, the newest technology and etc.
Ethnocentrism
- belief that one’s own group, ethnicity or nationality is superior to others
Isolation
- the condition of being alone
- national policy, idea that a nation should stay out of the disputes and affair of other nations.
Roles against or for isolation
Confucian scholars - FOR
Merchants - AGAINST
Emperor - FOR
Ordinary Citizen - FOR
Explorer - FOR
Reasons for isolationism
- Confucian scholars wanted to ensure that Chinese traditions would continue—-> outside would cause chaos
- Explorers journeys were expensive
- they were fearful of disease
- less attacks and invasions that destroyed their infrastructure, economy and nation
- they didn’t want any other faith ideas or beliefs to be mixed with theirs because they believe it would cause instability to their peace and chaos
Reasons against Isolationism
- merchants whole livelihood depended upon trade —> also taxed goods
- explorers saw trade as a way to obtain new goods and new knowledge
This geographic feature was essential to the Mughal Empire.
Bay of Bengal
This geographic feature was essential to the Ming Dynasty.
Huang He (Yellow) River
This geographic feature was essential to the Ottoman Empire
Mediterranean Sea
This geographic feature was essential to Ancient Mesopotamia.
Euphrates River
Conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453 C.E.
Mehmed II
Led large junk ships on seven different voyages between 1405 and 1433 C.E.
Zheng He
Established himself as leader of Yuan Dynasty.
Kublai Khan
Responsible for the golden age of the Ottoman Empire.
Suleiman I
Promoted religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire.
Akbar The Great
Overthrew Mongol rule in China.
Hongwu
Zheng He explored
He visited the states of Southeast Asia, the coast of India, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa.
According to Judith Herrin, what was one reason the Ottoman were interested in conquering the Byzantine capital of Constantinople?
To control the city’s wealth
Which generalization is best supported by the information in the map on the right?
Ottoman and Safavid Empire
By the 1500s, the Ottoman Empire controlled parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe.
Feedback:
1453 is when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople. A turning point for sure, but not when they controlled the largest territory.
The Safavid Empire NEVER controlled parts of western Europe (Spain, France, Germany, etc)
The Mediterranean Sea actually was the opposite of a barrier. It instead provided the Ottoman Empire with opportunities to trade between Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Though the majority of the Indian subcontinent practiced ________, the Mughal leadership practiced _________.
Hinduism, Islam
Which conclusion can be made about the Ming dynasty of China as a result of the travels of Zheng He?
Advanced navigation technology was available in China
Extra Credit Questions
Zheng He brought back this type of animal to China
1. Girrafes
Extra Credit Questions
The Ming Dynasty controlled this territory outside of the borders of modern China.
2. Korea
Extra Credit Questions
This important church built during Byzantine times turned into a mosque once the Ottoman conquered Constantinople.
3. Hagia Sophia
Extra Credit Questions
Who was the name of the Mughal Emperor who built the Taj Mahal?
4. Shan Jahan
Extra Credit Questions
This was the name of the Italian city-state that became very wealthy due to trade with the Ottomans.
Venice
While Europe was disjointed kingdoms, other parts of the world were consolidating as a result of the invention of gunpowder.
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE)
A) Began when a peasant, Zhu Yuanzhang, overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, which had been established by Kublai Khan and run by Mongols. The Mongols had placed the Chinese at the bottom of the social hierarchy, depriving them of political power. This led to the Red Turban Rebellion which was begun by Neo-Confucian monks. Zhu Yuanzhang ultimately defeated the Yuan and other Neo-Confucianists, and claimed the Mandate of Heaven. He declared the new dynasty to be ‘bright’, calling it the Ming Dynasty. He became known as the Hongwu Emperor.
B) The Ming Dynasty was interested in re-establishing the civil service exam, but now the exam was based upon Neo-Confucianism, which combined Buddhism and Confucianism together.
C) A. Era of large civil engineering projects
1. The Ming Dynasty almost completely rebuilt the Great Wall - they also extended further west.
2. The Forbidden City - This was the emperor’s palace and was located inside the capital city of Beijing. Had almost 1000 building and covered over 185 acres of land
3. The Grand Canal- Was rebuilt during the Ming Dynasty Had a significant impact on trade and helped the economy
flourish
D) The Yongle Emperor sponsored the many voyages of Zheng He, who sailed the Indian and Pacific Oceans to lands that included Southeast Asia, India, the western coast of Africa. These voyages were meant to establish tribute from these places.
E) After Zheng He died, the Ming Dynasty ultimately chose to isolate themselves from the rest of the world to focus on internal problems, including rebellion and natural disaster.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (1299-1922 CE)
Osman I, a leader of the Turkish tribes in Anatolia in 1299 founded the Ottoman Empire. Osman I expanded his kingdom, uniting many of the independent states of Anatolia under one rule. Osman established a formal government and allowed for religious tolerance over the people he conquered.
Over the next 150 years the Ottoman Empire continued to expand. The most powerful empire in the land at the time was the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). In 1453, Mehmet II the Conqueror led the Ottoman Empire in capturing Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. He turned Constantinople into the capital of the Ottoman Empire and renamed it Istanbul. Mehmet was successful as a result of the use of gunpowder.
When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire, a large number of scholars and artists fled to Italy. This helped to spark the European Renaissance. It also caused the European nations to begin to search for new trade routes to the Far East, beginning the Age of Exploration.
Suleiman the Magnificent- The Ottoman Empire reached its peak during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. He ruled from 1520 to 1566. During this time the empire expanded and included much of Eastern Europe including Greece and Hungary. Under Suleiman, there was religious tolerance for non-Muslim communities.
Mughal Emire
The Mughal Empire (1526-1761 CE)
A) The Mughal Empire was founded by Bābur (reigned 1526–30). He was a Chagatai Turkic prince and was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his father’s side and Genghis Khan, on his mother’s side.
B) Babur captured Delhi in 1526 by defeating Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate in the Battle of Panipat. Babur was outnumbered, but was successful because of his use of cannons fueled by gunpowder.
C) In 1556, Babur’s grandson, Akbar the Great became the Mughal Emperor. He expanded the empire to include much of the Indian Subcontinent. The arts and literature flourished during his reign. Under his rule, there was religious tolerance for non-Muslims.
D) Emperor Shah Jahan came to power in 1627. He built the Taj Mahal as a display of his power. It served as a mausoleum for his wife. However, religious tolerance began to falter.
Key terms
Kublai Khan- A descendent of the Mongol leader Genghis, he established himself as leader of the Yuan Dynasty in China.
Hongwu Emperor - Born a peasant, he joined the Neo-Confucian Red Turban Rebellion. He was responsible for overthrowing Mongol rule in China.
Yongle Emperor- This emperor was responsible for sponsoring voyages to demonstrate the prestige and the wealth of China.
Zheng He - This eunuch was responsible for taking seven different voyages across the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433 C.E.
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Mehmet II, the Conqueror - After a 53 day siege, he conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453, crumbling the long-standing city walls.
Suleiman I, the Lawgiver/Magnificent - he was responsible for the golden age of the Ottomans, helping the empire reach its greatest extent.
Millet - These were religious communities within the Ottoman Empire that had to pay taxes in order to practice their faith freely.
Janissaries- These were the elite military forces of the Ottoman Empire that were trained in the use of cannons and guns that were fueled by gunpowder.
MUGHAL EMPIRE
Babur - a descendent of the Mongol leader Genghis, he was the founder of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar the Great - he was responsible for promoting religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire, helping it to reach a golden age.
mehmed
The Ottoman Empire, in 1453 under the Mehmed II, conquered Constantinople by using gunpowder like canons.
Suleiman I
- Sultan, or ledader of the Ottoman Empire in 1520 C.E.
- The empire reached its greatest extent under his control.
- Was given two nicknames : the “Lawgiver” and “Magnificent”
- created law code that covered criminal law land and taxes.
- acted against corrupt officials
- protected Jewish from prosecution
- created school for Muslim (boys)
- Built public works
Bureaucracy
- system where non-elected government officials have power delighted to them
- each province had their leader known as berlebeyl who answered to their vizier, who in their turn answered to the suleiman.
Suleiman was called Lawgiver
- because he treated a lot of people equally, didn’t care about their government positions based on their merit.
- kept government in order, created laws regarding criminal punishments, land ownership, and government money.
Historical circumferences led to the Ottoman Empire
What led to the Ottoman Empire was the fall of Byzantine Empire. Under Mehmed II, The Ottoman Empire conuered Constantinople in 1453 with the use of gunpowder in a form of canons.
Name of the Army : Geghanis
Pluralism
- a system in which two or more states or groups, principles, sources of authority exist
Millet
Millet system allowed for religious tolerance so long as these communities paid taxes
The Balkans
a peninsula in southeastern Europe
Devshirme
Ottoman practice of forcibly reuniting soldiers and bureaucrats from Balkan Christians
Janissary (1299-1922)
An Ottoman soldier loyal to the sultan king
- helped to expand the empire into much of the Middle East, North Arctica (not sure, didn’t understand handwriting, maybe America or Mexican or smth) and Europe (Balkans)
5 facts about byzantine empire
- Christianity was the main religion. (Orthodox)
- Constantinople was the capital
- Justinian was one of the emperors
- Constantinople became wealthy due to its location on the Bosphorus Strait
- Former Eastern half of the Roman Empire
Osman I
Founded by the Ottoman Empire, this empire began on the Anatolian Peninsula around 1299 C.E.
Mehmed I
Also known as Mehmet the conquerer, conquered Constantinople, the former capital of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, this forced Europeans to look for alternate trade routes to Asia.
What factors contributed to the decline of the Byzantine Empire?
- Constantinople was attacked during the fourth crusade.
- The Byzantine Empire was suffering from the Bubonic Plague
How did the Ottoman Empire finally end the Byzantine Empire?
- The Ottoman Empire attacked Constantinople from an unknown perspective. Essentially, they planned a large ambush by using gunpowder canons.
- Created an elite military force known as the janissaries.
MING DYNASTY
Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan focused his power on modern China, and established himself as an emperor of the Yuan Dynasty during 1271-1368 C.E.
Syncretism
- merging of various religious beliefs
- religious Syncretism, mix of Christian and other religions
White Lotus Society
A Syncretic religious group
- they led a rebellion against the Yuan knows as the Red Turban Rebellion between 1351-1368
- The reference to “barriers which separate Muslims and Hindus” in the excerpt most directly refers to which of the following?
B - The cultural tension between adherents of strict monotheism and polytheism
Identify and explain enduring issue
Conflict as a result of religion. For example, there was a language barrier between Hindus and Muslims in India.
Battle of Panipat
- in 1526 when Mughal forces, led by Babar, defeated the Delhi Sultanate.
- use of gunpowder
Akbar the Great
- 1556 to 1605 and extended his power to include most of the Indian Subcontinent
- bureaucracy that included Hindus and Buddhists, as well as Muslims
Pinnacle
- used as a synonym for Golden Age
This geographic feature was essential to the Mughal Empire
Bay of Bengal
The Ming Admiral Zheng He explored here on his seven voyages.
Arabia and the east coast of Africa
These innovations allowed Admiral Zheng He of the Ming Dynasty to explore foreign lands.
the compass and the junk ship
This geographic feature was essential to the Ottoman Empire.
Mediterranean Sea
Marco Polo was a person who
wrote about his experiences in the court of Kublai Khan
This descendant of Genghis Khan established the Mughal Empire.
babur
This emperor was responsible for leading the Red Turban Rebellion against the Yuan [Mongol] Dynasty.
Hongwu Emperor
These elite Ottoman forces were enslaved Christian boys who received military training.
janissaries
The Ming Dynasty was established as a result of
rebellion against Mongol rule
This man promoted religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire.
akbar
These were established to promote religious tolerance in the Ottoman Empire.
millets
A descendant of Genghis Khan, this man established the Yuan Dynasty in China.
Kublai khan
Though the Mughal were Muslim, the majority of their subjects practiced
Hinduism
What did Suleiman “the Lawgiver” support?
government reform and cultural achievements
After Emperor Yongle’s death
ming banned overseas travel and stopped building large ships.
The Ottoman and Mughal empires were similar in that they all
Were Islamic
This geographic feature was essential to the Ming Dynasty.
This geographic feature was essential to the Ming Dynasty.
A difference between Babur and Akbar was that
Babur- first emperor of the Mughal Empire and Akbar its greatest leader
This was the battle that gave rise to the Mughal Empire.
The Battle of Panipat
How did the Ottoman Empire change the city of Constantinople?
changed the city’s name to Istanbul, turned the Hagia Sophia into a mosque.
