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PSY 120 > Exam 3 -- Chapter 11 -- Personality > Flashcards

Exam 3 -- Chapter 11 -- Personality Flashcards

1
Q

define personality

A

the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

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2
Q

what is a trait?

A

a unit of personality

a characteristic that describes a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feelign

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3
Q

personality is ___ and relatively ___

A

distinctive

stable

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4
Q

explain personality and first impressions

A

because we assume personality is distinctive and relatively stale, we often rely too much on 1st impressions –> leads to difficulties in making attributions about motives for behavior

(whether behavior is situational or dispositional)

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5
Q

situational vs dispositional attributions

A

dispositional –> internal –> this person is acting like this because they are always this way

situation –> external –> this person is acting this way because of situational factors

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6
Q

what is fundamental attribution error?

A

tendency to attribute motivations of others more to personality factors than to situational factors

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7
Q

however, when it comes to making attributions about ourselves, we are more likely to engage a ___ bias

A

self-serving

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8
Q

explain successes and failures with the lens of self-serving bias

A

personality drives our successes

situations drive our failures

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9
Q

projective tests

A

a test to measure personality

based on assumption that the test taker will project unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus

  • ex. show a picture of the duck/rabbit picture –> whatever you see first tells something about your personality
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10
Q

personality inventories

A

answer a series of questions about self

there are no right or wrong answers

from responses, develop a personality profile

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of projective tests?

A

thematic apperception test

Rorschach inkblot test

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12
Q

describe a thematic apperception test

what kind of test is it?

A

a type of projective test

person is asked to tell a story about the “hero” in the picture

psychologist interprets the needs and motives that are projected via the story

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13
Q

what are 2 ways to measure personality?

A

projective tests

personality inventories

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14
Q

describe a Rorschach Inkblot test

what kind of test is it?

A

a type of projective test

show the person an ambiguous stimulus, ask them to explain what they see

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15
Q

what is a type of personality inventory?

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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16
Q

what is a Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

what does it measure?
who created it?
what is it used for?

A

measures personality across several personality “types” identified by Carl Jung

often used for employment/personnel management purposes

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17
Q

what are the personality “types” in the MBTI?

A

extroversion vs. introversion

sensing vs. intuition

thinking vs. feeling

judging vs. perceiving

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18
Q

what is factor analysis?

A

used to identify how personality traits cluster together across the population

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19
Q

studies suggest personality is more strongly based on ___ than most people might expect

A

genetics

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20
Q

Costa and McRae proposed a ___ model.

what are the ___ factors?

A

5

neuroticism – prone to worry?
extroversion – outgoing?
openness to experience – like trying new things?
agreeableness – say to get along with?
conscientiousness – responsible?

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21
Q

how do 5 factors of personality change over time?

A

mostly stable over the lifespan, though a few have consistent variations

ex. introversion increases and oppress decreases w/ age

22
Q

what is the Five Factor Model?

A

theory that personality is composed of 5 factors, including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neurotocism

23
Q

explain heritability of the 5 factors:

A

proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

24
Q

environmental vs. genetic factors:

how does parenting affect personality?

A

parental influence depends on genetics –> parenting varies according to child’s personality

25
Q

what does Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory look at?

A

looks at how children may learn personality thru imitation and cognitive processes

26
Q

what does reciprocal determinism in Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory address?

A

addresses how cognitive processes, behaviors, and situational factors all interact to reinforce or punish personality traits

27
Q

how were historical theories of personality developed?

A

not developed scientifically but thru practice

28
Q

what is Freud’s psychodynamic theory?

A

emphasizes interactions b/n different components of personality

emphasizes psychosexual development of the Id, Ego, and Superego

29
Q

what is the Id of the psychosexual theory?

A

aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex

30
Q

what is the Ego of the psychosexual theory?

A

aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one’s personality that is visible to others

31
Q

what is the Superego of the psychosexual theory?

A

aspect of personality that serves as one’s moral compass, or conscience

32
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

personality develops thru ___ ___

A

developmental stages

33
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

developmental stages are focused on how we use and respond to the…

A

libido

drive how we employ defense mechanisms to protect the ego

34
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

describe what stages and fixation are

A

there are 5 childhood stages

when stages are resolved properly during childhood, they may become stuck, or fixated, in that stage, even as adults

35
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

list the 5 childhood stages

A

(1) oral
(2) anal
(3) phallic
(4) latency period
(5) genital

36
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

oral – describe stage and fixation

A

baby wants to suck nipple

if weaned too early or too late –> fixation to ease anxiety includes smoking or biting nails as adults

37
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

anal – describe stage and fixation

A

pleasure in pooping

if not allowed to poop –> very over-controlling

if allowed to poop whenever –> very careless and disorganized

38
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

phallic – describe stage and fixation

A

boy is attracted to mother
girl is attracted to father

afraid of penis castration so become more like father to win mother

girl is envy of boy’s penis

39
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

latency period – describe stage and fixation

A

sexual feelings are dormant while children focus on other pursuits w/ other children of same sex

40
Q

Freud’s theory of personality:

genital – describe stage and fixation

A

sexual reawakening and incestuous urges resurface

young person finds partners that remember their parents

41
Q

why do Freud’s theories have little empirical support?

A
  • results are unfalsifiable
  • based on study of dubiously useful population
  • based on patients’ fallible memories
42
Q

why is Freud’s theory of personality useful?

A

set up personality as a domain of study

set forth the idea of a stage theory

emphasized impact of childhood experiences on adult personality

emphasized unconscious motivations

43
Q

what is the humanistic theory?

A

focus on personality development as part of our question for growth and achievement of potential

44
Q

what did Abraham Maslow do with Humanistic theory?

A

emphasized pursuit of self-actualization

45
Q

what did Carl Rogers do with Humanistic theory?

A

importance of unconditional positive regard, and congruence b/n real self and ideal self

46
Q

why was humanistic theory criticized for little empirical support?

A

terms often vague (e.g. self actualization)

little scientific testability

47
Q

why is humanistic theory of personality useful?

A

returned to human side of psychology

very influential in domain of therapy

has led to development of positive psychology –> subfield that emphasizes studying positive aspects of personhood

48
Q

what is unconditional positive regard according to Carl Rogers’s Humanistic theory?

A

we flourish when we’re in an environment with unconditional positive regard

when positive regard is conditional –> maladaptive personality development and emotional neediness

49
Q

what is congruence according to Carl Rogers’s Humanistic theory?

A

extent to which your perceived self matches your ideal self

50
Q

what is reciprocal determinism according to Albert Bandura?

A

person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and environment

PSY 120 (5 decks)

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