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PSY 120 > Exam 2 -- chap 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2 -- chap 6 Flashcards

1
Q

behaviorism definition

A

perspective that viewed psychology as the study of humans via observable behavior

looks at how environment can have an effect on behavior

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2
Q

what is learning?

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of learning?

A

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

observational learning

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4
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

learning by association

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5
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

learning by consequences

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6
Q

what is observational learning?

A

primarily an extension of operant conditioning which also includes internal factors, such as imitation and expectation

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7
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

process of associating a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response

the association process leads the neutral stimulus to elicit the same response

first systematically described by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

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8
Q

describe the process of classical conditioning:

A

beginw / neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is one that already brings about the target behavior (the unconditioned response – UCR)

neutral stimulus is the one that we want to condition to cause the target behavior

neutral stimulus is associated repeatedly w/ the UCS

this pairing has to take place closely in time

during these pairings, the UCS brings about the UCR

after a number of associations, you then present the neutral stimulus by itself, w/o the UCS

result should be that the neutral stimulus brings about the target behavior

neutral stimulus has now become a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditional response (CR)

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9
Q

classical conditioning – process – recap

A

start w/ neutral stimulus, which brings about no response; and unconditioned stimulus, which brings about target, currently unconditioned response

neutral stimulus repeatedly paired w/ UCS, which brings about UCR

remove UCS, present only neutral stimulus

neutral stimulus now brings about target response

neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus (CS) which brings about a conditioned response (CR)

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10
Q

describe stimulus generalization in terms of classical conditioning

A

sometimes stimuli similar to the CS will bring about the CR

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11
Q

describe extinction in terms of classical conditioning

A

over time, if you do not periodically re-associate the CS w/ the UCS, the CS will cease to bring about the CR

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12
Q

what is classical conditioning useful for/not useful for?

A

not useful for – learning complex behaviors

useful in basic-level learning

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13
Q

describe Little Albert

A

baby that was classically conditioned to be afraid of soft, furry stuffed animals

paired white rate (neutral stimulus) w/ loud noise (UCS) that elicited fear (UCR)

white rate (CS) came to elicit fear (CR)

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14
Q

operant conditioning (definition)

A

process by which the future likelihood of a behavior depends on the consequences of that behavior

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15
Q

describe a reinforcer in operant conditioning:

A

anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior happening agin

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16
Q

describe a punisher in operant conditioning:

A

anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior happening again

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17
Q

in operant conditioning, does a punisher have to be bad?

A

no – just needs to be something that decreases the likelihood of a behavior happening again

18
Q

what does positive reinforcement mean in operant conditioning?

A

addition of a stimulus to the environment

not inherently good or bad

19
Q

what does negative reinforcement mean in operant conditioning?

A

removal of a stimulus from the environment

not inherently good or bad

20
Q

what is positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

addition of something to increase the future of a likelihood of a response.

ex. receiving a treat after going potty outside increases likelihood dog will go potty outside again

21
Q

what is negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

removal of something to increase the likelihood of a future response.

ex. taking away privileges when chores not done w/ goal of increasing future chore completion

22
Q

what is positive punishment in operant conditioning?

A

addition of something to decrease the future likelihood of a response

ex. giving candy to reduce bad behavior in the moment

–> but child will purposely be bad to get candy

23
Q

what is negative punishment in operant conditioning?

A

removal of something to decrease the likelihood of a future response

ex. taking money via a fine in order to reduce future speeding

24
Q

the principles of ___ and ___ still apply to operant conditioning

A

stimulus generalization

extinction

25
Q

explain how stimulus generalization and extinction still apply to operant conditioning

A

stimulus generalization –> can generalize responses to similar punishers and reinforcers

extinction –> behavior can become extinct w/o continued reinforcement

26
Q

schedules of reinforcement:

effectiveness of reinforcement depends on…

A

how often it is applied

27
Q

ratio schedule

A

reward is given based on number of responses

28
Q

interval schedule

A

reward is given based on amount of time that has passed since last reward

29
Q

ratio and interval schedules can both be ___ or ___

A

fixed or variable

30
Q

describe fixed ratio

A

person drops off after he gets a reward, then goes back to work

31
Q

describe variable ratio

A

not as much of a drop off bc you don’t know how much you have to do to get the next reward

32
Q

describe fixed interval

A

curve in each stage – drop off in productivity right after reward, then increase as it gets closer to reward point

33
Q

describe variable interval

A

very flat productivity curve – you’re hoping to get rewarded at some point, but your work has very little to do w/ your reward

34
Q

what is best schedule of reinforcement?

A

fixed ratio is not always the best –> human beings don’t like to have unpredictable income like commissioned sales

35
Q

which type of conditioning can be used to bring about more complex behaviors

A

operant

36
Q

describe shaping

A

you reward behaviors as they get incrementally closer to the complex target behavior

ex. slowly rewarding a dog as its closer to shaking her paw

ex. your dog generalizes doing an act to get a treat doing a similar act to get dinner

37
Q

when is punishment more likely to work?

A

immediately administered for child’s protection

administered consistently

38
Q

punishment is less likely to work when…

A

punishment doesn’t immediately follow behavior

child is unclear on what punishment is for

punishment accidentally serves as a reinforcer (battle of wills)

it provokes anger instead of behavior change

it is used inconsistently

39
Q

observational learning

A

Bandura’s social learning theory follows many principles of operant condition, but also includes roles for:

observation and modeling of behavior, not just direct experience

cognitive decision making based on expectations derived from seeing how others are treated, via vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment

40
Q

social learning theory

A

children can learn from watching:
parents, peers, movies/TV

can lead to increased violence following violent media

PSY 120 (5 decks)

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