Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2014 Patho-DR Shepherd > EXAM 3- Ch 7 Blood Disorders > Flashcards

EXAM 3- Ch 7 Blood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Blood

  • 3 components
  • their functions
A
  1. RBCs (erythrocytes)- filled w/ an iron-rich oxygen carrying molecule (hemoglobin)
  2. WBCs (leukocytes)- defend tissues against infections and foreign substances
  3. Platelets- essential for blood clotting (Vitamin K is necessary for prothrombin and thrombin clotting factors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hemoglobin

-composed of what 2 things

A

Composed of a protein called globulin and a heme molecule which binds to iron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Old RBCs are removed by the _________ and the ___________.

A

liver; spleen

**all blood cells come from bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • caused by an increase of bilirubin in the blood

- can also be the breakdown of RBCs

A

Jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood (4)

A
  • CBC
  • Hematocrit
  • Hemoglobin
  • Prothrombin & Partial Thromboplastin Time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Complete blood count (CBC) definition

A

Includes total RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Leukocytosis

  • definition
  • associated with
A
  • increased WBCs

- associated with inflammation or infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Leukopenia

  • definition
  • associated with
A
  • decrease in WBCs

- associated with some viral infections; radiation and chemotherapy (any type of bone marrow damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Hematocrit definition

A

-percent by volume of cellular elements in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Hemoglobin definition

A

-amount of hemoglobin per unit of blood (oxygen carrying protein)

**Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)- indicates the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Prothrombin Time and Partial Thromboplastin Time definition

A

-measure function of various factors in coagulation process

**performed with taking any blood thinners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When a CBC is performed, an increase in eosinophils is common in _________ responses & ____________ infections.

A

allergic responses; parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Blood Therapies (4)

A
  • Whole blood, packed RBCs, packed platelets (for severe anemia of thrombocytopenia)
  • Plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions (to maintain blood volume)
  • Artificial blood products
  • Bone marrow transplants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anemia

-definition

A

a condition of reduced number of RBCs; cause a reduction in oxygen transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of Anemia (4)

A
  • hemorrhage
  • excessive destruction of RBCs
  • nutritional deficiency
  • chronic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reticulocyte

-definition

A
  • immature RBCs

* A reticulocyte count is helpful: increased=hemolysis (RBC death) and decreased=decreased production

17
Q

Symptoms of Anemia (are due to tissue hypoxia)

A
  • fatigue
  • decreased tolerance for exercise
  • dyspnea
  • palpitations
  • major sign of anemia is PALLOR
  • jaundice & enlargement of the spleen
18
Q

Anemia (decreased RBCs)

  • direct effects
  • compensatory mechanisms
A
  • Direct Effects: decreased O2, SOB, pallor, cyanotic

- Comp. Mechanisms: tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, SOB

19
Q

Cellular Effects of Anemia (3)

A
  • less energy production in all cells
  • decreased regeneration of epithelial cells: digestive tract becomes inflamed & ulcerated leading to stomatitis, inflamed and cracked lips, dysphasia (disorder in communication), hair & skin may show degenerative changes
  • severe anemia may lead to angina or CHF
20
Q

Types of Anemia (6)

A
  1. Iron deficiency
  2. Pernicious
  3. Aplastic
  4. Hemolytic
  5. Sickle cell
  6. Thalassemia
21
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

  • impairs what?
  • not always dietary, name 2 other potential causes
A
  • insufficient iron impairs Hgb synthesis
  • not always dietary: can be caused by chronic blood loss (loss of iron), can be caused by severe liver disease (may affect iron absorption as well as storage)
22
Q

Pernicious Anemia

  • definition
  • characterized by
  • signs & symptoms
A
  • caused by inadequate absorption or intake of vitamin B12 or deficient in a protein called intrinsic factor
  • characterized by: very large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes (they carry less Hgb and have a shorter lifespan)
  • s/s: N/V and tingling in the extremities
23
Q

Intrinsic Factor

-definition

A

-produced in the stomach and is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the small intestine

24
Q

Aplastic Anemia

-definition

A
  • impairment or failure of bone marrow

* Pancytopenia- reduction in the number of RBCs & WBCs

25
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

-definition

A
  • reduction in circulating RBCs that is caused by pathological conditions that accelerate destruction of RBCs
  • causes increased serum levels of bilirubin that results from the degradation of heme in destroyed RBCs
26
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

-definition

A
  • genetically transmitted disorder marked by severe hemolytic anemia, episodes of painful crisis, and increased susceptibility to infections
  • RBCs contain an abnormal form of Hgb
  • sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered
27
Q

Thalassemia Anemia

-definition

A

-genetic defect where genes for Hgb are missing or variant (alpha chain or beta chain)

**also called Cooley’s anemia

28
Q

Polycythemia

-definition

A
  • increased numbers of RBCs

- may be a primary or secondary disorder

29
Q

Primary Polycythemia

-definition

A
  • increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow
  • serum erythropoietin levels are low

**Polycythemia Vera- rise in red blood cell mass accompanied by an increase in WBCs and platelets in the absence of a recognizable physiological stimulus

30
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Primary Polycythemia (due to increase viscosity or thickness of Hgb formed cells in the plasma)

A
  • distended blood vessels, sluggish blood flow
  • increased BP
  • hypertrophied heart (heart is working harder)
  • splenomegaly (RBCs are destroyed in the spleen, the spleen is overworking)
  • dyspnea
  • headaches
  • visual disturbances
31
Q

Indications of Blood-Clotting Disorders (11)

A
  • repeated epistaxis
  • persistent bleeding from the gums
  • petechiae
  • frequent purpura (purple colored spots on skin)
  • frequent ecchymosis (a purpura >1cm)
  • bleeding into joint
  • hemoptysis
  • hematemesis (throwing up blood- course brown particles)
  • feeling faint & anxious (related to lack of RBCs)
  • low blood pressure (related to lack of RBCs)
  • rapid pulse (related to lack of RBCs)
32
Q

Hemophilia A

-definition

A
  • an X-linked recessive disorder that primarily affects mass (carried by women manifested in men)
  • prolonged bleeding after minor tissue trauma
  • spontaneous bleeding into joints
  • possible hematuria or blood in feces
33
Q

The Leukemias

-definition

A
  • uncontrolled production in bone or lymph nodes

- one or more types of leukocytes are undifferentiated, immature, and nonfunctional (immune compromised)

34
Q

Types of Leukemia (2)

A
  • Lymphocytic vs. myelogenous: lymphocytes or granulocytes (which cell is bad)
  • Acute vs. chronic: acute->high proportion of immature cells, more common in children; chronic->high proportion of mature cells, more common in adults
35
Q

Lymphomas

-definition

A
  • malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in lymph nodes
  • higher risk in adults who received radiation during childhood
36
Q

Lymphomas

-two main disorder

A
  1. Hodgkin lymphoma- initially involves a single lymph node and moves to others
  2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma- distinguished by multiple node involvement; non-organized with widespread metastases

2014 Patho-DR Shepherd (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions