EXAM 3- Ch 7 Blood Disorders

Question 1

Components of the Blood

• 3 components
• their functions

Answer 1

1. RBCs (erythrocytes)- filled w/ an iron-rich oxygen carrying molecule (hemoglobin)
2. WBCs (leukocytes)- defend tissues against infections and foreign substances
3. Platelets- essential for blood clotting (Vitamin K is necessary for prothrombin and thrombin clotting factors)

Question 2

Hemoglobin

-composed of what 2 things

Answer 2

Composed of a protein called globulin and a heme molecule which binds to iron.

Question 3

Old RBCs are removed by the _________ and the ___________.

Answer 3

liver; spleen

**all blood cells come from bone marrow

Question 4

• caused by an increase of bilirubin in the blood

- can also be the breakdown of RBCs

Answer 4

Jaundice

Question 5

Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood (4)

Answer 5

• CBC
• Hematocrit
• Hemoglobin
• Prothrombin & Partial Thromboplastin Time

Question 6

• Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Complete blood count (CBC) definition

Answer 6

Includes total RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Question 7

Leukocytosis

• definition
• associated with

Answer 7

• increased WBCs

- associated with inflammation or infection

Question 8

Leukopenia

• definition
• associated with

Answer 8

• decrease in WBCs

- associated with some viral infections; radiation and chemotherapy (any type of bone marrow damage)

Question 9

• Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Hematocrit definition

Answer 9

-percent by volume of cellular elements in blood

Question 10

• Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Hemoglobin definition

Answer 10

-amount of hemoglobin per unit of blood (oxygen carrying protein)

**Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)- indicates the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

Question 11

• Diagnostic Tests for Diseases of the Blood*

- Prothrombin Time and Partial Thromboplastin Time definition

Answer 11

-measure function of various factors in coagulation process

**performed with taking any blood thinners

Question 12

When a CBC is performed, an increase in eosinophils is common in _________ responses & ____________ infections.

Answer 12

allergic responses; parasitic infections

Question 13

Blood Therapies (4)

Answer 13

• Whole blood, packed RBCs, packed platelets (for severe anemia of thrombocytopenia)
• Plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions (to maintain blood volume)
• Artificial blood products
• Bone marrow transplants

Question 14

Anemia

-definition

Answer 14

a condition of reduced number of RBCs; cause a reduction in oxygen transport

Question 15

Causes of Anemia (4)

Answer 15

• hemorrhage
• excessive destruction of RBCs
• nutritional deficiency
• chronic disease

Question 16

Reticulocyte

-definition

Answer 16

• immature RBCs

* A reticulocyte count is helpful: increased=hemolysis (RBC death) and decreased=decreased production

Question 17

Symptoms of Anemia (are due to tissue hypoxia)

Answer 17

• fatigue
• decreased tolerance for exercise
• dyspnea
• palpitations
• major sign of anemia is PALLOR
• jaundice & enlargement of the spleen

Question 18

Anemia (decreased RBCs)

• direct effects
• compensatory mechanisms

Answer 18

• Direct Effects: decreased O2, SOB, pallor, cyanotic

- Comp. Mechanisms: tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, SOB

Question 19

Cellular Effects of Anemia (3)

Answer 19

• less energy production in all cells
• decreased regeneration of epithelial cells: digestive tract becomes inflamed & ulcerated leading to stomatitis, inflamed and cracked lips, dysphasia (disorder in communication), hair & skin may show degenerative changes
• severe anemia may lead to angina or CHF

Question 20

Types of Anemia (6)

Answer 20

1. Iron deficiency
2. Pernicious
3. Aplastic
4. Hemolytic
5. Sickle cell
6. Thalassemia

Question 21

Iron Deficiency Anemia

• impairs what?
• not always dietary, name 2 other potential causes

Answer 21

• insufficient iron impairs Hgb synthesis
• not always dietary: can be caused by chronic blood loss (loss of iron), can be caused by severe liver disease (may affect iron absorption as well as storage)

Question 22

Pernicious Anemia

• definition
• characterized by
• signs & symptoms

Answer 22

• caused by inadequate absorption or intake of vitamin B12 or deficient in a protein called intrinsic factor
• characterized by: very large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes (they carry less Hgb and have a shorter lifespan)
• s/s: N/V and tingling in the extremities

Question 23

Intrinsic Factor

-definition

Answer 23

-produced in the stomach and is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the small intestine

Question 24

Aplastic Anemia

-definition

Answer 24

• impairment or failure of bone marrow

* Pancytopenia- reduction in the number of RBCs & WBCs

Question 25

Hemolytic Anemia | -definition

Answer 25

- reduction in circulating RBCs that is caused by pathological conditions that accelerate destruction of RBCs * causes increased serum levels of bilirubin that results from the degradation of heme in destroyed RBCs

Question 26

Sickle Cell Anemia | -definition

Answer 26

- genetically transmitted disorder marked by severe hemolytic anemia, episodes of painful crisis, and increased susceptibility to infections - RBCs contain an abnormal form of Hgb - sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered

Question 27

Thalassemia Anemia | -definition

Answer 27

-genetic defect where genes for Hgb are missing or variant (alpha chain or beta chain) **also called Cooley's anemia

Question 28

Polycythemia | -definition

Answer 28

- increased numbers of RBCs | - may be a primary or secondary disorder

Question 29

Primary Polycythemia | -definition

Answer 29

- increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow - serum erythropoietin levels are low **Polycythemia Vera- rise in red blood cell mass accompanied by an increase in WBCs and platelets in the absence of a recognizable physiological stimulus

Question 30

Signs and Symptoms of Primary Polycythemia (due to increase viscosity or thickness of Hgb formed cells in the plasma)

Answer 30

- distended blood vessels, sluggish blood flow - increased BP - hypertrophied heart (heart is working harder) - splenomegaly (RBCs are destroyed in the spleen, the spleen is overworking) - dyspnea - headaches - visual disturbances

Question 31

Indications of Blood-Clotting Disorders (11)

Answer 31

- repeated epistaxis - persistent bleeding from the gums - petechiae - frequent purpura (purple colored spots on skin) - frequent ecchymosis (a purpura >1cm) - bleeding into joint - hemoptysis - hematemesis (throwing up blood- course brown particles) - feeling faint & anxious (related to lack of RBCs) - low blood pressure (related to lack of RBCs) - rapid pulse (related to lack of RBCs)

Question 32

Hemophilia A | -definition

Answer 32

- an X-linked recessive disorder that primarily affects mass (carried by women manifested in men) - prolonged bleeding after minor tissue trauma - spontaneous bleeding into joints - possible hematuria or blood in feces

Question 33

The Leukemias | -definition

Answer 33

- uncontrolled production in bone or lymph nodes | - one or more types of leukocytes are undifferentiated, immature, and nonfunctional (immune compromised)

Question 34

Types of Leukemia (2)

Answer 34

- Lymphocytic vs. myelogenous: lymphocytes or granulocytes (which cell is bad) - Acute vs. chronic: acute->high proportion of immature cells, more common in children; chronic->high proportion of mature cells, more common in adults

Question 35

Lymphomas | -definition

Answer 35

- malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in lymph nodes * higher risk in adults who received radiation during childhood

Question 36

Lymphomas | -two main disorder

Answer 36

1. Hodgkin lymphoma- initially involves a single lymph node and moves to others 2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma- distinguished by multiple node involvement; non-organized with widespread metastases