EXAM 3-Ch 15 Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Primary Minerals of Bones
-calcium -phosphate *minerals embedded in collagen (bones main protein) *minerals make bones hard and rigid and collagen impairs flexibility
-mature bone cells
Osteocytes
-bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts “B”-> birth
-bone-reabsorbing cells
Osteoclasts “C”->consume
Bones is built by __________ and broken down by __________, and is constantly in a state of remodeling, based on use and pressure.
osetoblasts; osteoclasts
Diagnostic Tests (6)
-x-ray -MRI -CT -joint fluid aspiration and microscopic/chemical analysis -electromyography -biopsy
Hormones affecting bone (3)
-parathyroid hormone (increase blood calcium) -calcitonin (decrease blood calcium) -vitamin D (increases blood calcium)
Dietary calcium cannot be absorbed from the digestive tract without _________.
vitamin D
Osteoporosis (“pores”) -definition -malfunction -most susceptible bones
-definition: a metabolic bone disease where bone density is reduced (porous bone that is abnormally fragile and easy to fracture) -malfunction: osteoblasts are not keeping up with bone breakdown -most susceptible: weight-bearing bones (hips, vertebrae)
Osteoporosis (7) -risk factors
-females after menopause (amenorrhea-absense of menstrual cycle); decreased estrogen; 30-35 years old -males (older males); decrease in testosterone -low bone mass & calcium intake -Vitamin D deficiency -small frame -smoking & alcohol -diet & exercise
Osteoporosis -symptoms (3) -diagnosis (2) -treatment (4)
-symptoms are mild: height loss, ease of fracture, Kyphosis (dowager’s hump) -dx: pt history, bone density testing -tx: meds to enhance calcium uptake by bones, bisphosphonates, estrogen calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (bone forming)
Osteomalacia -definition -causes -higher occurrence in what population -manifestations -diagnosis -treatment
-definition: softening of the bones due to inadequate mineralization in adults -causes: low calcium absorption or low vitamin D -occurrences: high in elderly pt’s, in colder regions, and in person on long term anticonvulsants -manifestations: bone pain, tenderness, fractures (pathologic: fractures not caused by injuries) -dx: x-ray, bone scan, bone biopsy -tx: nutritional supplementation and correction of the primary cause
Bone trauma: fractures
- greenstick
- compound
- spiral
- depressed
- closed
- open
- impacted
- comminuted
.
Paget’s Disease
- definition
- most affected population
- diagnosis
- treatment
- definition: overproduction of bone, particulary in the skull, bertebrae, and pelvis
- affects mostly men over 40 in the US
- dx: physical exam, x-ray, bone scan and biopsy
- tx: calcitonin and drugs to reduce bone reabsorption and reduce calcium
Paget’s Disease
-signs and symptoms (pathophsyiology)
- bone softening, followed by overgrowth of weak bone- osteoblasts are in overdrive
- possibly genetic link, or viral cause
- fracture easily
- skull overgrowth affects cranial nerves, so vision and hearing are affected
- curvature of the spine and legs
Bone Healing
-bone stages
- Hematma (1-2 days) brings clotting factors
- Formation of granulation tissue/soft tissue callus (pink healthy tissue)
- Ossification- deposit of mineral salts
- Remodeling- resorption of excess bony callus
Osetomyelitis
- definition
- bones primarily affeted
- cause
- defintion: chronic or acute infection of the bone and marrow
- primarily affected: long bones (especially in children and adolescents)
- casue: by bacteria that are carried by blood to the bone from other sites in the body (ex. staphylococci)
Arthritis
- definition
- two main types and their defintiion
- disease of the joints causing pain and limiting mobility
- 2 main types: osteoarthritis (“wear and tear” brough on by age) and rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune disorder that affects joints and the entire body; exacerbations and remissions)
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
-definition
diagnosis
- defintion: genetic disorder with a defect in the dystrophin protein that links sacromeres to the muscle membrane; results in muscle degenerstion leading to disability
- dx: genetic testing, biopsy muscle fibers, and seeing how well the muscles contract
