Exam 3 Ch 14 Flashcards
First Step Act 2018
Expanded early-release
programs
* Modified sentencing laws
* Funding for job training and
other programs designed to
reduce recidivism
Over the course of 30 years starting in the mid 1970’s, prison populations increased by how much?
And how much did recidivism rates increase?
pop - more than quadrupled
recidivsm - 70%
Probation
Supervised punishment in community
PUblic prosecutors 1st appeared in North America - in…
Great Britain’s Atlantic colonies
Common law (where justice system is rooted in)
Laws composed of judges legal opinions that reflects community practices and evolves over time
What state is an exception to English common law and what do they follow?
Louisiana, french colony follows Napoleonic Code
Principle vs. Practice in Common Law
At more than 1,000 years old, office of Sheriff is…
More than how many sheriffs are elected nationwide?
In many states, sheriffs can seize almost any property used in a crime, this is called…
oldest law enforcement office within common law ystem
3,000 sheriffs
Civil aset foreiture
Principle vs. Practice in Common Law
2001-2013, Texas collected an average of… in civil asset forfeiture funds annually
$41.6 million
Principle vs. Practice in Common Law
Sir Robert Peel established the …
County sheriffs make up the vast bulk of the…
Metropolitan Police service in 1829
law enforcement capacity in the US
On average, black men receive sentences that are how much longer than whites and latinos?
20%
US has how much law enforcement agencies, yet no government agency keeps track of the number of…
18,000 federal, state, and local government law
number of police killings
Policing of minority communities (uneeded)
“In 2017…Pew found that just 30 percent of Black Americans
expressed warm attitudes toward police, compared with 74
percent of whites” (409).
* “By 2020, however, Pew found that two-thirds of Americans
believed that civilians should have the right to sue for police
misconduct” (409).
* Over the past few years groups such as Black Lives Matter and
Back the Blue have engaged in fierce debates with one another
over how to approach police reform.
– Progressive movements to “defund the police”
Policing of Minority Communities
Mass Incarceration:
– The phrase used to describe the United States’ strikingly high rate of
imprisonment.
* Terry vs. Ohio (1968)
– Supreme court ruling which legitimized the police practice of stop and
frisk.
* Stop and Frisk:
– A police tactic that allows police officers to stop, question, and search
citizens under a set of narrowly defined circumstances.
* Professional Model of Policing:
– An approach to policing that emphasizes professional relations with
citizens, police independence, police in cars, and rapid responses to calls
for service.
Prison Nation
“The United States incarcerates more individuals
than any other country” (415).
* “As of March 2020, some 6.7 million Americans
were under the supervision of adult correctional
systems” (414).
* “By one estimate, a quarter of the world’s
prisoners are housed in the United States, a
country with under 5 percent of the world’s
population” (414).
Solitary Confinement:
– The practice of keeping a prisoner isolated in
a cell without human contact.
* Supermax Prisons:
– High-security prisons designed to house
violent criminals.
The Crime Explosion and the War on
Drugs
1968-1990, crime was polled as…
War on Drugs
Deterrence Theory
US top domestic concern
mandatory sentencing laws
Richard Nixon
harsh penalties deter crimes
