Exam 2 Ch 10

Question 1

Bureaucracy

Answer 1

Public agencies and programs and services they implement and manage

Question 2

Bureaucrats

Answer 2

employees of public agencies

Question 3

Policy Implementer

Answer 3

-First job of bureaucracy is to do whatever government wants

def - process of translating express wishes of government into action

Question 4

What are the largest form of bureaucracies?

Answer 4

Public schools

Question 5

What is the 2nd fundamental role of bureaucracy and how do they do it?

Answer 5

-Implement and make policy

Street-level bureaucrats
Rule making
Taking active role in politics

Question 6

Street-level Bureaucrat

Answer 6

Lower-level public agency employee who actually takes the actions outlined in law or policy

Have the decision to make choices about what actions they do or don’t make

Question 7

Rulemaking

Answer 7

Translating laws into written instructions on what public agencies will or won’t do

Rules are necessary because most laws passed by legislatures express intention, but don’t specify the details of how to make that intention a reality

Question 8

Bureaucracy as Policymaker

Answer 8

At the state and local levels, the heads of many public agencies are elected

Question 9

What is “enough” Bureaucracy

Answer 9

First, across localities, citizens make different kinds of
demands on state and local government agencies” (297).

• “Second, there is no universally agreed-on yardstick for
  measuring what constitutes a ‘reasonably-sized’ bureaucracy”
  (298).
• Alaska leads the country in both the amount of state and local
  employees (per 10,000 citizens) as well as state and local
  expenditures (dollars per capita).

Question 10

Contracting Out

Answer 10

Government hiring of private or nonprofit organizations to deliver public goods or services

Question 11

Measuring Bureaucratic Effectiveness

Answer 11

“The assumption is that the private sector is more efficient and more
effective than the public sector, but numerous studies have found that this
assumption is based more on stereotypes than on facts” (300).

• “Problems often associated with contracting out include a loss of
  accountability and transparency, difficulty in specifying contracts to cover
  all possible contingencies, and a clash of public service versus make-a-profit
  value systems

Question 12

Professionalization

Answer 12

Rewarding of jobs in a bureaucratic agency based on applicants’ specific qualifications and merit

Question 13

Spoils System

Answer 13

Electoral winner has right to decide who works for public agencies

Andrew Jackson

Question 14

Patronage

Answer 14

Process of giving government jobs to partisan loyalists

Question 15

Neutral Competence

Answer 15

Idea that public agencies should be the impartial implementers of democratic decisions

Question 16

Merit System

Answer 16

System used in public agencies in which employment and promotions are based on qualifications and demonstrated ability

Question 17

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act; when was merit system required?

Answer 17

Shifted from spoil systems to merit system in 1883

In 1935, the federal Social Security Act
made merit systems a requirement for
related state agencies if they wished to
receive federal grants” (304)

“Merit systems did not eliminate the political role
of the bureaucracy; they merely changed it”

Question 18

1/3 employees belong to a…

Answer 18

Union

Question 19

Collective Bargaining

Answer 19

Process in which representatives of labor and management meet to negotiate pay and benefits, job responsibilities, and working conditions`

Question 20

Janus vs. American Federation of State,
County, and Municipal Employees (2018)

Answer 20

“employees cannot be forced to make financial
contributions to unions” (305).

• “Rather than membership declines,
  however, some unions actually saw
  membership increases” (306)

Question 21

Affirmative Action

Answer 21

Set of Policies designed to help organizations recruit and promote employees who are members of disadvantaged groups

Question 22

Representative Bureaucracy

Answer 22

Idea that public agencies that reflect the diversity of the communities they serve will be more effective