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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 3: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Exam 3: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most abundant mineral salts?

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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2
Q

The mineral salts combine to form what?

A

Crystals of hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

What are the four cell types of bone tissue?

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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4
Q

Stem cells that divide to give rise to osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic cells

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5
Q

Type of bone cell that mainly secretes collagen fiber and also initiate calcification

A

Osteoblasts

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6
Q

Process by which mineral salts are deposited, crystallize, and harden

A

Calcification

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7
Q

Mature osteoblasts that have become surrounded by the extracellular matrix that secrete as they continue the process of calcification

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

Type of large bone cell produced by fusion of many monocytes (a type of WBC) whose ruffled border secretes digestive enzymes (degrades collagen fibers) and acids (degrades mineral salts)

A

Osteoclasts

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9
Q

Process that degrades and removes mineral salts and collagen fibers by osteoclasts; and where old bone tissue is being broken down.

A

Bone resorption

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10
Q

Two types of bone tissue

A

Compact bone
Spongy bone
(Both can be found within a single bone)

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11
Q

Type of bone tissue that have few open spaces w/in the extracellular matrix and organized units called OSTEONS

A

Compact bone

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12
Q

Type of bone tissue that have many open spaces w/in the extracellular matrix and organized units called TRABECULAE

A

Spongy bone

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13
Q

Remember:
Compact bone ->
Spongy bone ->

A

Compact bone -> osteons

Spongy bone -> trabeculae

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14
Q

Parts of the osteon

A
  • central (haversian) canal
  • concentric lamellae
  • lacuna/e
  • canaliculus/canaliculi
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15
Q

Part of the osteon that is the opening for blood vessels

A

Central (haversian) canal

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16
Q

rings of calcified extracellular matrix in bone tissue

A

Lamellae

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17
Q

Small spaces between lamellae in which osteocytes occur

A

Lacuna/lacunae

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18
Q

Small opening radiating from lacunae in which processes of the osteocytes lie

A

Canaliculus/canaliculi

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19
Q

Difference between osteons and trabeculae

A

Trabeculae have all parts like the compact bone (osteons) but it doesn’t have central canals

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20
Q

Process where new bone tissue is being formed; process of addition of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoblasts

A

Bone deposition

21
Q

Types of bones

A 
Sutural (ex: frontal)
Flat (ex: sternum)
Irregular (ex: vertebra)
Sesamoid (ex: patella)
Short
Long
22
Q

What type of bone tissue is in a long bone?

A

Both compact and spongy tissue

23
Q

Seven major features of long bone

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Articulatar cartilage
Periosteum
24
Q

Cylindrical shaft of the bone

A

Diaphysis

25
Q

Distal and proximal ends of the bone

A

Epiphysis

26
Q

Regions where diaphysis joins epiphyses &

Includes an epiphyseal growth plate in children which is hyaline cartilage that allows bone to grow in length

A

Metaphysis

27
Q

Space within diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

28
Q

Epithelial membrane that lines the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

29
Q

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis where it articulates with another bone

A

Articular cartilage

30
Q

Lines the outside of the bone and has an outer fibrous layer and inner cellular (osteogenic) layer

A

Periosteum

31
Q

How is blood supplied in long bones?

A
  • Periosteal arteries enter diaphysis through perforating canals
  • Supply blood to periosteum and outer compact bone of diaphysis
  • Nutrient artery (or arteries) enter medullary cavity (marrow) of diaphysis through nutrient foramen
  • Supply blood to inner compact bone and spongy bone of diaphysis
  • Metaphyseal arteries supply blood to epiphyseal cartilage
32
Q

Process of bone formation

A

Ossification or osteogenesis

33
Q

When does ossification occur?

A

During bone development in embryo/fetus
During bone growth in childhood
During remodeling in adult
During bone repair after fracture

34
Q

How does bone development occurs in embryo/fetus?

A

Ossification via replacement of preexisting connective tissue with bone

35
Q

Two mechanisms of ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

36
Q

Mechanisms of ossification where bone forms directly from membranous sheets of embryonic cells

A

Intramembranous ossification

37
Q

3 steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Development of an ossification center with osteoblasts
  2. Calcification by osteocytes; Blood vessels become surrounded by bone tissue
  3. Formation of trabeculae (spongy bone) and red bone marrow; Bone remodeling may later replace some spongy bone with compact bone
38
Q

Mechanism of ossification where bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from embryonic cells

A

Endochondral ossification

39
Q

7 steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Development of cartilage model surrounded by a perichondrium
  2. Cells of perichondrium convert into osteoblasts and produce sheath of bone tissue
  3. Fibroblasts in blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts and produce primary ossification center
  4. Ossification proceed towards two ends of bone; Spongy bone in center of diaphysis breaks down to form medullary cavity
  5. Osteoblasts migrate in epiphyses and produce secondary ossification centers
  6. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage (plate) develop; Both are composed of hyaline cartilage
  7. Bone grows in length until puberty, as new cartilage is added to epiphyseal plate and old cartilage is replaced by bone; Interstitial growth
40
Q

Growth where cell of inner layer of periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit superficial layers of bone matrix in circumferential lamellae

A

Appositional growth

41
Q

Process of fracture and repair of bone

A
  1. Formation of fracture. Blood clot formed by severed blood vessels. Death of local osteocytes due to disruption of blood supply
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation. Cells of periosteum secrete collagen fibers and cartilage to bridge broken edges
  3. Bony callus formation. Osteoblasts produce spongy bone, which replaces cartilage callus
  4. Bone remodeling. Osteoclasts remove fragments of broken bone. Compact bone replaces spongy one
42
Q

Five major functions of bone and skeletal muscle

A 
Support 
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production 
Protection
Leverage
43
Q

What is the yellow marrow mainly consists of?

A

Adipose tissue

44
Q

What does the red marrow produces via hemopoiesis?

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)
White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets

45
Q

How is the constant level of calcium in blood maintained?

A

By regulating resorption and deposition of bone

46
Q

Two hormones that regulate calcium in blood

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin (CT)
47
Q

Negative feedback involving PTH

A

Ca2+ in blood decreases

Parathyroid gland cells sense change

Parathyroid gland secretes more PTH

PTH simulate osteoclasts activity

More Ca2+ is released into blood

48
Q

Negative feedback involving calcitonin (CT)

A

Ca2+ in blood increases

Thyroid gland cells sense change

Thyroid gland secretes more CT

CT inhibits osteoclasts activity

Less Ca2+ is released into blood

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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