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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Form (______) is related to function (________).

A

Anatomy, physiology

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2
Q

Six levels of structural organization of the body

A
  1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organismal
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3
Q

Define the chemical level of the structural organization of the body.

A

Defined by reactions among atoms and molecules

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4
Q

Four types of tissues in the human body

A
  1. Epithelial (skin) 2. Connective (found between organs, holds them together) 3. Muscular (provide movement of the entire body) 4. Nervous (allows communication between diff. parts of the body)
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5
Q

The 11 major organ systems

A
  1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Circulatory 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Excretory 11. Reproductive
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6
Q

6 basic life processes

A
  1. Metabolism 2. Responsiveness 3. Movement 4. Growth 5. Differentiation 6. Reproduction
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7
Q

What is characterized as growth?

A

An increase in body size resulting from an increase in number of cells, an increase in size of existing a cells, and an increase in extracellular material of tissues

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8
Q

2 contexts of reproduction

A

The production of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; production of a new individual via fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by a sperm cell

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9
Q

Body fluids

A

Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of cell

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10
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

Via feedback systems or feedback loops

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11
Q

Components of a feedback system

A

Receptor, control center, effector

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12
Q

Example of a feedback system

A
  1. Nerve endings (receptors) in skin detect rise in external (atmospheric) and internal (body) temperature. 2. Brain (control center) receives sensory input from nerve endings and sends motor output to muscles and glands. 3. Sweat glands (effector) increase secretion and blood vessels in skin dilate to lower body temp.
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13
Q

3 subatomic particles of an atom

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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14
Q

Three numbers that are used to describe atoms

A

Atomic number, mass number, atomic mass

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15
Q

Number of protons =?

A

Number of electrons

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16
Q

What does the molecular formula indicate?

A

The elements involved and number of atoms of each element

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17
Q

Atom is the smallest unit of an ________, a molecule is the smallest unit of a __________.

A

Element, compound

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18
Q

What does a structural formulas indicate?

A

The elements involved, number of atoms involved, and arrangement of atoms in relation tone another

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19
Q

How many electrons does the 1st shell hold?

A

2 e-

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20
Q

How many electrons does the 2nd shell hold?

A

8 e-

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21
Q

How many electrons does the 3rd shell hold?

A

18 e-

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22
Q

Why do atoms lose, gain or share electrons in particular ways?

A

In order to form stable valence electron shells

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23
Q

What element is an exception to the octet rule?

A

Hydrogen

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24
Q

What are the 2 elements that only have one electron shell?

A

Hydrogen and helium, stable with 2 electrons

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25
Q

Forms of energy

A

Kinetic, potential and chemical energy

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26
Q

Amount of activation energy is dependent upon?

A

Concentration of reactants and temperature

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27
Q

4 important properties of water

A
  1. As a solvent 2. Lubricant 3. Thermal properties (high heat capacity) 4. Water in metabolic reactions
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28
Q

How does water work as a lubricant?

A

A layer of water can reduce friction between two opposing surfaces

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29
Q

What is the effect of water having a high heat capactity?

A

Absorbs a lot of heat with only a small change in its own temperature; Decreases effect of temperature changes on the body

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30
Q

How are salts formed?

A

Acids and bases react with one another to form salts

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31
Q

What range of pH is considered acidic?

A

pH < 7

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32
Q

What range of pH is considered basic?

A

pH > 7

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33
Q

What pH is considered neutral?

A

pH = 7

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34
Q

Major categories of organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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35
Q

Role of carbon in organic molecules

A

Form covalent bonds with one another to form long chains (straight or branched) or rings

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36
Q

Example of monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

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37
Q

Example of a disaccharide

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

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38
Q

Lipids include?

A
  1. Fatty acids 2. Triglycerides (fats and oils) 3. Phospholipids 4. Steroids 5. Eicosanoids 6. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
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39
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

In adipose (fat) tissue as an energy reserve

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40
Q

What bond joins an amino acid?

A

Peptide bond

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41
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

Its structure, ex: the structure of an enzyme allows it to bind to a substrate

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42
Q

What is the structure of a DNA)?

A

Two stranded coil around one another (double helix); each strand composed of sequences of nucleotides and pair of nitrogenous bases located between two strands

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43
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded (in humans), pentose sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose) and uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)

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44
Q

3 types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)

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45
Q

Study of the structure of the body and describes different parts of the body

A

Anatomy

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46
Q

How is ADP (adenosine triphosphate) produced?

A

By removing a phosphate group from ATP; this releases energy

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47
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

By adding a phosphate group back to ADP; this uses energy

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48
Q

Study of the functions of the body; understanding how the part of the body works

A

Physiology

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49
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

A

Cell

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50
Q

Groups of cells and associated materials that work together to perform a particular function

A

Tissues

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51
Q

Consist of 2 or more tissue types, have recognizable shapes, and perform specific functions

A

Organs

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52
Q

Consist of related organs that work together to perform a common function; 11 major organ system

A

Organ system

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53
Q

Discrete individual

A

Organism

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54
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions that occurring the body; includes catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

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55
Q

Releases energy; breaking down complex molecules into more simple molecules

A

Catabolism

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56
Q

Requires energy; synthesizing complex molecules from more simple molecules

A

Anabolism

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57
Q

Ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment (internal or external)

A

Responsiveness

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58
Q

Motions of the entire body, individual organs, single cells or cellular structures

A

Movement

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59
Q

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state

A

Differentiation

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60
Q

Unspecialized cells

A

Stem cells

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61
Q

Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s external environment; maintenance of various body conditions within relatively narrow acceptable ranges despite changes in the internal and external environment; includes regulation of volume and composition of body fluids

A

Homeostasis

62
Q

Fluid within cells (also called cytosol)

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

63
Q

Fluid outside of cells; fluid within tissues and within body cavities (blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.)

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

64
Q

Extracellular fluid within tissues

A

Interstitial fluid

65
Q

Monitor changes in a controlled condition, e.g. Sensory structures associated with nervous system

A

Receptor

66
Q

Sets range of acceptable values for the controlled condition, evaluates input from receptor, sends output to effector, e.g. Central nervous system

A

Control center

67
Q

Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition, e.g. Muscles and glands

A

Effector

68
Q

Response reverses a change in the controlled condition; homeostasis is almost always maintained by,negative feedback system

A

Negative feedback system

69
Q

The response reinforces a change in the controlled condition; requires an outside event to interrupt it; used to reinforce conditions that do not happen frequently, e.g. childbirth

A

Positive feedback system

70
Q

Basic building blocks of all matter; cannot be split into simpler substances and composed of one type of atom

A

Chemical elements

71
Q

Smallest unit of element that retains the properties and characteristics of the element

A

Atoms

72
Q

+ charge, large, nucleus

A

Protons

73
Q

Neutral charge, large, in the nucleus

A

Neutrons

74
Q
  • charge, small, orbiting around nucleus
A

Electrons

75
Q

Equal to number of protons in an atom; elements are defined by the number of protons in its atom

A

Atomic number

76
Q

Number of protons + number of neutrons in an atom

A

Mass number

77
Q

Also called atomic weight; the avg. mass of all of its naturally occurring isotopes

A

Atomic mass

78
Q

measure of mass of atoms (also called atomic mass unit = amu)

A

Daltons

79
Q

Atoms of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons; the most common isotope has the same number of neutrons as protons

A

Isotopes

80
Q

An atom that has gone or lost one or more electrons; electrically charged and includes cations and anions

A

Ion

81
Q

An atom that has gained one or more electrons; NEGATIVELY CHARGED

A

Anions

82
Q

Substance composed of two or more types of atoms (two or more elements); symbolized by molecular formulas

A

Compounds

83
Q

Specific regions where electrons orbit the nucleus

A

Electron shells

84
Q

Outermost shell

A

Valence shell

85
Q

Te forces that hold atoms of a molecule together; forms when atoms lose, gain or share electrons

A

Chemical bonds

86
Q

Valence shells are stable when they hold 8 electrons, unstable if they hold more or less than 8 electrons

A

Octet rule

87
Q

Formed when one atoms loses one or more electrons to another atom

A

Ionic bonds

88
Q

Formed when two atoms share one, two or three pairs of electrons in latest for both stone to have stable valence shells (octet rule)

A

Covalent bonds

89
Q

Formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts an atom with a partial negative charge; depends on attraction between polar molecules; weaker than ionic or covalent

A

Hydrogen bonds

90
Q

When two atoms share electrons equally

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds

91
Q

One (electronegative) atom attracts electrons more strongly than the other atom; unequally sharing of electrons

A

Polar covalent bonds

92
Q

Has a partial positive charge in one region and a partial negative charge in another region

A

Polar molecule

93
Q

Interactions between atoms; involve forming or breaking chemical reacts between atoms

A

Chemical reactions

94
Q

Matter convert from one form to another during a chemical reaction. Matter is to created or destroyed. (balancing equations)

A

Law of conservation of mass

95
Q

Movement of an object or change in the physical structure of matter

A

Work

96
Q

Capacity to do work

A

Energy

97
Q

Kinetic, potential and chemical energy

A

Forms of energy

98
Q

Energy matter in motion

A

Kinetic energy

99
Q

Stored energy derived from an object’s position or from its physical or chemical state

A

Potential energy

100
Q

Energy stored in chemical bonds; a form of potential energy

A

Chemical energy

101
Q

Energy is converted from one form to another during a chemical reaction; energy is not created or destroyed

A

Law of conservation of energy

102
Q

Input of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

103
Q

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy; they are not changed or consumed by the chemical reaction so they can catalyze many reactions

A

Catalysts

104
Q

Specialized proteins that serve as catalysts in living organisms, including humans

A

Enzymes

105
Q

Release more energy than they absorb; generally associated with catabolism (breaking chemical bonds)

A

Exergonic reactions

106
Q

Absorb more energy than they release; generally associated with anabolism (forming chemical bonds)

A

Endergonic reactions

107
Q

Usually lack carbon; may have ionic or covalent bonds and are usually structurally simple, ex. H2O

A

Inorganic compounds

108
Q

Always contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen; always have covalent bonds and often structurally complex

A

Organic compounds

109
Q

the medium in which other substances are dissolved

A

Solvent

110
Q

The dissolved substances

A

Solute

111
Q

Ions and polar molecules; form an aqueous solution and dissolves in water

A

Hydrophilic substances

112
Q

Nonpolar molecules, will not dissolve in water

A

Hydrophobic substances

113
Q

the ability of a substance to absorb and retain heat

A

Heat capacity

114
Q

Often produce water as a by production of the formation of complex molecules (dehydration synthesis)

A

Anabolic reactions

115
Q

Often break down complex molecules by the addition of water (hydrolysis)

A

Catabolic reactions

116
Q

Dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and one or more anions; proton donor

A

Inorganic acids/acids

117
Q

Dissociates into a hydroxide ion (OH-) and one or more cations; proton acceptor

A

Inorganic bases/bases

118
Q

Dissociates into a cation (not H+) and an anion (not OH-)

A

Inorganic salts/salts

119
Q

Measures the relative concentration of H+ and ranges from 0-14

A

pH

120
Q

Formed by the combination of small organic molecules; often take the form of polymers

A

Macromolecules

121
Q

Consist of many repeat, identical subunits called monomers

A

Polymers

122
Q

Include sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose; contain C,H, and O; mainly used by human body as a source of chemical energy

A

Carbohydrates

123
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

124
Q

Two monosaccharides that formed a chemical bond with each other

A

Disaccharide

125
Q

Made of many monosaccharides and consist of 10’s to 100’s of monomers

A

Polysaccharides

126
Q

Synthesized by animals (including human); store in the liver and skeletal muscles of humans as an energy reserve

A

Glycogen

127
Q

Produced by plants; used for energy storage by plants and are digestible to humans

A

Starches

128
Q

Produced by plants and used to build cell walls by plants; indigestible to humans

A

Cellulose

129
Q

Contain C, H, and O; typically insoluble in water (hydrophilic) and are polymers composed of fatty acids

A

Lipids

130
Q

The most simple lipid; Consist of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

Fatty acids

131
Q

Composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids; at room temperature, it can be solid (fat) or liquid (oils)

A

Triglycerides

132
Q

Composed of 1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids (nonpolar), 1 phosphate group (PO43-) (polar); makes up the cell membrane; Amphiphatic

A

Phospholipids

133
Q

Composed of polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) parts

A

Amphiphatic molecules

134
Q

Polymers composed of amino acids; Contain C, H, O and N (sometimes S); more complex than carbs or lipids; have structural and functional orioles and include enzymes (biological catalysts)

A

Proteins

135
Q

Makes up a protein; includes an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH) group, and a side chain (different in each amino acid)

A

Amino acids

136
Q

-Covalent bond between the carbon atom of the carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acid - and the nitrogen atom of the amino (-NH2) group of the other amino acid

A

Peptide bond

137
Q

Joins many amino acids in a long chain

A

Polypeptide

138
Q

The sequence of amino acid monomers

A

Primary protein structure

139
Q

The twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain

A

Secondary protein structure

140
Q

The 3D shape of the protein

A

Tertiary structure

141
Q

The structural relationship between polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary protein structure

142
Q

Process in which proteins lose their 3D shape when exposed to extremes of pH or temperature; it interrupts the proper functioning of the protein

A

Denaturation

143
Q

Polymers composed of nucleotide monomers; contains C, H, O, N, and P; include DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acids

144
Q

Double stranded and found in the cell’s nucleus; the inherited genetic material inside cells

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

145
Q

Single stranded; found in nucleus or in cytoplasm of cell; relays info between DNA and cellular machinery of protein synthesis

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

146
Q

Consist of a pentode sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate (PO43-) group, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases

A

Nucleotides of DNA

147
Q

Large, double ringed; adenine (A) and guanine (G)

A

Purines

148
Q

Small, single ringed; thymine (T) and cytosine (C)

A

Pyrimidines

149
Q

A-T, G-C

A

Base pairs

150
Q

Energy “currency” of cells (storage of energy), derived from adenine

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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