4th Exam - Spinal Cord and Spinal nerves

Question 1

Extends from medulla oblongata of brain to second lumbar vertebra and ends in conus medullaris

Answer 1

Spinal cord

Question 2

Protective covering for spinal cord and composed of bone

Answer 2

Vertebral column

Question 3

Protective covering for spinal cord
Composed of connective tissue
Has three layers

Answer 3

Meninges

Question 4

Three layers of meninges

Answer 4

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 5

Layer of the meninges that has:
Superficial layer
Dense, irregular connective tissue

Answer 5

Dura mater

Question 6

Layer of the meninges that has:
Middle layer
Avascular connective tissue
Collagen and elastic fibers
Subdural space filled with interstitial fluid

Answer 6

Arachnoid mater

Question 7

Layer of the meninges that has:
Deep layer
Thin connective tissue
Highly vascularized
Subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 7

Pia mater

Question 8

Functions of the spinal cord

Answer 8

Conduction of nerve impulses

Integration of information

Question 9

Function of the spinal cord that happens in white matter.
Myelinated axons bundled into tracts
Separate sensory and motor tracts

Answer 9

Conduction of nerve impulses

Question 10

Function of the spinal cord that happens in gray matter.
Cell bodies of neurons clustered in nuclei
Spinal reflexes

Answer 10

Integration of information

Question 11

Rapid, autonomic (involuntary) response to a stimulus

Answer 11

Reflex

Question 12

Type of reflex involving skeletal muscles

Answer 12

Somatic reflex

Question 13

Type of reflex involving smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands; unconscious

Answer 13

Autonomic reflex

Question 14

Type of reflex integrated in brain stem

Answer 14

Cranial reflexes

Question 15

Type of reflex integrated in spinal cord

Answer 15

Spinal reflexes

Question 16

Pathway that nerve impulses follows to produce a reflex

Answer 16

Spinal reflex arc

Question 17

Five steps of spinal reflex arc

Answer 17

1. Sensory receptor produces a graded potential in response to a stimulus
2. Action potential propagates along sensory neuron to integration center in CNS
3. Integration center produces an action potential in response to sensory information
4. Action potential propagates along motor neurons
5. Effector acts

Question 18

Where do the spinal nerves exit?

Answer 18

Via intervertebral foramina

Question 19

Spinal nerves that leave vertebral column below end of spinal cord

Answer 19

Cauda eqiuna

Question 20

Spinal nerves have two sites of attachment to spinal cord which are?

Answer 20

Anterior and posterior root

Question 21

Root of the spinal nerve that contains sensory axons

Includes posterior root ganglion

Answer 21

Posterior root

Question 22

Root of the spinal nerve that contains motor axons

Answer 22

Anterior root

Question 23

Four main branches of the spinal nerve

Answer 23

Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus
Meningeal branch
Rami communicates

Question 24

Spinal nerve branch that serves muscles and skin of dorsal trunk (SNS)

Answer 24

Posterior ramus

Question 25

Spinal nerve branch that Serves muscles and skin of ventral trunk and limbs (SNS)

Answer 25

Anterior ramus

Question 26

Spinal nerve branch that Serves vertebral column

Answer 26

Meningeal branch

Question 27

Spinal nerve branch that Serves internal organs and other structures associated with the ANS

Answer 27

Rami communicates

Question 28

3 layers of connective tissue surrounding the spinal nerve

Answer 28

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

Question 29

Connective tissue layer that
Sheaths entire nerve
Highly vascularized

Answer 29

Epineurium

Question 30

Connective tissue layer that
Sheaths a bundle of axons (a fascicle)
Highly vascularized

Answer 30

Perineurium

Question 31

Connective tissue layer that
Sheaths individual axons
In addition to myelin sheath around some axons

Answer 31

Endoneurium