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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the cell

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles), and nucleus

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2
Q

Characteristics of plasma membrane

A
  1. Composed of phospholipid bilayer 2. Flexible 3. Selective permeability
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3
Q

2 arrangement of membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins (including transmembrane proteins) and peripheral proteins

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4
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

Ion channels, transporters (carriers), receptors (binds to ligands), linkers, and cell identity markers (MHC proteins)

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5
Q

True/False: Phospholipids are in constant motion

A

True

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6
Q

True/False: Plasma membrane has selective permeable.

A

True

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7
Q

What alters permeability?

A

Ion channels and transporters

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8
Q

What is permeable to plasma membrane?

A

Small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules (ex: oxygen, CO2)

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9
Q

What is weakly permeable to the plasma membranes.

A

Small, uncharged, polar molecules (ex: water)

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10
Q

What is impermeable to the plasma membranes?

A

Ions and large molecules

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11
Q

Gradients across the membrane is dependent on __________.

A

Selective permeability

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12
Q

Two types of gradients across the membrane

A

Concentration and electrical gradient

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13
Q

Two types of transport across the membrane

A

Passive and active transport

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14
Q

What are the mechanisms of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion, facilitating diffusion, and osmosis

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15
Q

What are the mechanisms of active transport?

A

Transport via transport proteins and transport via vesicles

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16
Q

Two forms of active transport

A

Primary and secondary active transport

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17
Q

Transport via vesicles

A

Large molecules or large amount of a substance can move across membrane,”packaged” within the vesicle

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18
Q

Endocytosis includes:

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis (bulk-phase endocytosis)

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19
Q

Kinds of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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20
Q

What does reticulum mean?

A

Network

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21
Q

Two types of ER

A

Rough and smooth ER

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22
Q

What is the function of vesicles that pinch off from mature cisternae at other end of Golgi complex?

A

Either store proteins (lysosomes) or deliver proteins to plasma membrane for insertion in membrane for insertion in membrane or exocytosis

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23
Q

How many chromosomes does a human somatic (body cell) have?

A

46

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24
Q

Two stages of gene expression

A

Transcription and translation

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25
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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26
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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27
Q

Where does the RNA polymerase attaches to start transcription?

A

A DNA molecule at a promoter sequence

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28
Q

Where does the process of transcription ends?

A

At terminator sequence in DNA

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29
Q

Where does translation occurs?

A

In cytoplasm, often on rough ER

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30
Q

Describe the ribosomal structure.

A
  1. Small subunit has binding site for mRNA 2. Large subunit has two binding sites for tRNA
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31
Q

Two binding sites in the large subunit for tRNA

A

P site and A site

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32
Q

What is always the first amino acid in translation?

A

Met

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33
Q

What is the process for somatic (soma= body) cell division?

A

Mitosis; one diploid parent (2N) parent cell –> two 2N daughter cells

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34
Q

What is the process for reproductive cell division?

A

Meiosis; one 2N parent cell –> 4 haploid (1N) cells (gametes)

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35
Q

2 phases of somatic cell cycle

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

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36
Q

3 phases of interphase

A

G1, S, and G2 phases

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37
Q

Mitotic phase includes?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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38
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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39
Q

Tissue structure and function depend on:

A

Cell types Types of connections between cells Nature of extracellular materials

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40
Q

Four types of tissues in human body

A

Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

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41
Q

Five types of cell junctions

A

Tight and adherens junction desmosome hemidesmosome gap junction

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42
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

A

Cell

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43
Q

Allows for movement of membrane during growth, maintenance, and repair; plasma membrane and its components can move

A

Membrane fluidity

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44
Q

Requires no energy input from the cell; a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient

A

Passive transport

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45
Q

Requires energy input from cell; a substances drive against its concentration or electrical gradient

A

Active transport

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46
Q

Molecules move from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached; small, uncharged molecules (polar or nonpolar) diffuse across membrane, ex: O2, CO2, H2O

A

Simple diffusion

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47
Q

Large, charged, or highly polar molecules require assistance to move across membrane: uses ion channels and transporters proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

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48
Q

Diffusion of solvent (WATER) across a selectively permeable membrane; moves from area of higher water conc. to area of lower water conc.; moves from area of lower solute conc. to area of higher solute conc.

A

Osmosis

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49
Q

Pressure driving water from area of low to area of high solute concentration

A

Osmotic pressure

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50
Q

Ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell by osmosis; relative concentration of solution of the ECF and ICF

A

Toxicity

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51
Q

ECF and ICF have same concentration of solutes; no net movement of water and cell does not change volume

A

Isotonic solution

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52
Q

ECF had less solute than ICF; water enters cell faster than it leaves; cells swells and my burst (lyse)

A

Hypotonic solution

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53
Q

ECF has more solutes than ICF; water leaves cell faster than it enters; cell shrinks (crenation)

A

Hypertonic solution

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54
Q

By expending energy, cells can move molecules against their concentration or electrical gradient

A

Active transport

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55
Q

Energy derived from ATP and used to change shape of transporter protein; ex: sodium potassium pump

A

Primary active transport

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56
Q

Energy derived from an ion concentration gradient (usually Na+) and energy is used to change shape of transporter protein; simultaneously moves Na+ and another molecule

A

Secondary active transport

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57
Q

Small sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane

A

Vesicle

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58
Q

Movement of substances into cell via vesicles

A

Endocytosis

59
Q

Cell takes in select molecules (ligands); molecule binds to receptor protein on plasma membrane; transports to individual molecules and highly specific

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

60
Q

Cell engulfs large solid particles; molecules bind to receptor proteins, transports individual molecules of larger particles and highly specific

A

Phagocytosis

61
Q

Cell engulfs fluid (and dissolved solute); no receptor proteins are involved and transports many molecules at once (not specific)

A

Pinocytosis (bulk-phase endocytosis)

62
Q

Movement of substances out of cell via vesicles; vesicle formed inside cell and fuses with plasma membrane to release contents

A

Exocytosis

63
Q

Movement of substances across a cell via vesicles; linking endocytosis at one cell surface and exocytosis at other surface

A

Transcytosis

64
Q

Network of protein filaments extending throughout cytosol

A

Cytoskeleton

65
Q

Small in size; composed of actin and provide structural support for cell; involved in cell movement

A

Microfilaments

66
Q

Medium size; composed of several different proteins and provide structural support for cell; holds nucleus and other organelles in place

A

Intermediate filaments

67
Q

Large size; composed of tubulin molecules arranged in hollow tubes; determines shape of cell and involved in movement of organelles, chromosomes, cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

68
Q

Composed of microtubules; project from surface of some cells; unreliable and short and involved in movement of extracellular fluid

A

Cilia

69
Q

Composed of microtubules; project from surface of some cells; singular and long and propels cell from fluid

A

Flagella

70
Q

Located near nucleus; composed of two centrioles and is the organization cent for mitosis spindle

A

Centrosome

71
Q

Composed of two protein subunits; contain rRNA; most attached to endoplasmic reticulum and function is protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

72
Q

Network of membranes extending throughout the cell, forming flattened sacs or tubules

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

73
Q

Folded into series of flattened sacs; ribosomes attached to outer surface and proteins synthesize by ribosomes are modified inside sacs formed by ER

A

Rough ER

74
Q

Lack of ribosomes; site of synthesis of fatty acids and steroids

A

Smooth ER

75
Q

Transports proteins throughout cell or to cell surface for secretion; Series of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae/cisterna = cavities); Looks like a cup

A

Golgi complex

76
Q

carry proteins from rough ER to Golgi complex, creating the young cisternae at one end of Golgi complex

A

Transport vesicles

77
Q

Membrane-bound organelle; “Powerhouse” of the cell; Site of most of ATP production via aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

78
Q

Control center of the cell; A double membrane composed of two phospholipid bilayers; Contains nucleolus/nucleoli; Contains genetic information for cell structure and function

A

Nucleus

79
Q

Allow substances to cross the nuclear envelope (passive or active transport)

A

Nuclear pores

80
Q

Sites of ribosome formation

A

Nucleolus/nucleoli

81
Q

A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular protein; composed of a sequence of base triplets

A

Gene

82
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides; codes for a particular amino acid in the protein

A

Base triplets

83
Q

DNA uses a template to synthesize a protein

A

Gene expression

84
Q

Information encoded in DNA copied to mRNA; Base triplets of DNA transcribed as a codon in mRNA

A

Transcription

85
Q

Information encoded in RNA used by ribosome to produce protein; Codons of mRNA for amino acids in protein

A

Translation

86
Q

Gametes and precursors

A

Germ cells

87
Q

Period of metabolic activity and cell growth; Chromosomes and organelles have duplicate Chromosomes in diffuse form (chromatin) Nuclear envelope intact

A

Interphase

88
Q

Period of cell division

A

Mitotic phase

89
Q

Metabolic activity Replication of organelles Centrosome replication begins

A

G1 phase (G = growth)

90
Q

Replication of DNA Double helix partially uncoils Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand

A

S phase (S=synthesis)

91
Q

Metabolic activity Cell growth Centrosome replication is completed

A

G2 phase

92
Q

Division of nucleus (including chromosomes) between daughter cells; a continuous process

A

Mitosis

93
Q

Division of cytoplasm (including organelles) between daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

94
Q

Nuclear envelope disintegrates Chromosomes in condensed form (chromatid pairs) Homologous chromatids joined by centromere Centrosome begin to produce a mitosis spindle composed of microtubules

A

Prophase

95
Q

Chromatid pairs line up along equator of the cell Centromeres aligned at the center of the mitotic spindle

A

Metaphase

96
Q

Centromeres split Members of chromatid pairs (chromosomes)move toward opposite poles of the cell Microtubules of mitotic spindle pull on centromeres of the chromosomes

A

Anaphase

97
Q

Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell New nuclear envelopes form Cytokinesis involves formation of cleavage furrow

A

Telophase

98
Q

Groups of cells and associated extra cellular materials that work together to perform a particular function

A

Tissues

99
Q

Cells within a tissue are usually joined together at their plasma membrane

A

Cell junctions

100
Q

Trans-membrane proteins tightly link cells together; Tissues are relatively impermeable

A

Tight junction

101
Q

Trans-membrane proteins link cells together; Trans-membrane proteins anchored to microfilaments of cytoskeleton; Tissues resist separation during movement

A

Adherens junction

102
Q

Trans-membrane proteins link cells together; Trans-membrane proteins anchored to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton; Tissues resist separation during movement

A

Desmosome

103
Q

Similar structure to desmosome; Links cells to basement membrane, rather than to other cells

A

Hemidesmosome

104
Q

Plasma membrane of adjacent cells not touching; Trans-membrane proteins form tubes between cells; Allows for communication between cells

A

Gap junction

105
Q

Cover body surfaces and line body cavities Form functional regions of glands Cells arranged in continuous sheets

A

Epithelial tissue

106
Q

Faces body surface or internal body cavity

A

Apical surface

107
Q

Adheres to basement membrane

A

Basal surface

108
Q

Consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina

A

Basement membrane

109
Q

Secreted by overlying epithelial cells

A

Basal lamina

110
Q

Secreted by underlying connective tissue

A

Reticular lamina

111
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Form selective barriers to passage of susbtances into and out of body

absorption of nutrients

excretion of waste products

secretion of hormones, digestive juices, etc

form protective surfaces against external environment

112
Q

type of epithelial cell that is flattened

A

squamous epithelium

113
Q

type of epithelial cell that are cubed-shaped or hexagonal

A

cuboidal epithelium

114
Q

type of epithelial cell that are taller than they are wide

A

columnar epithelium

115
Q

type of epithelial cell that can change shape as tissue stretches

A

transitional epithelium

116
Q

type of epithelial cell that is composed of a single cell layer

A

simple epithelia

117
Q

type of epithelial cell that is composed of multiple cell layers

A

stratified epithelia

118
Q

type of epithelial cell that is composed of a single cell layer, but individual cells may not extend from basal to apical surface

A

pesudo-stratified epithelia

119
Q

tissues within a gland that secrete substances

A

glandular epithelia

120
Q

ductless glands that secrete products (hormones) into interstitial fluid (then blood stream)

A

endocrine glands

121
Q

glands with ducts that secrete products (mucus, sweat, digestive enzymes, etc.) into ducts that empty to body surface (e.g. sweat gland) or lumen of organ or tract (e.g salivary gland)

A

exocrine gland

122
Q

3 classifications of exocrine glands

A

merocrine

apocrine

hoocrine

123
Q

secrete products via secretory vesicles and exocytosis

A

merocrine glands

124
Q

mammary glands; they secrete products via pinching off of apical surface of cell

A

apocrine glands

125
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands; secrete products via rupture of cell

A

holocrine glands

126
Q

connective tissue functions

A
  • binds body structure together
  • provides support
  • transports nutrients and wastes
  • stores energy
  • protects body via immune response
127
Q

secreted by fibroblasts

A

connective tissue fibers

128
Q

type of protein fiber that are thick, straigh, and un-branched; also strong and flexible

A

collagen fibers

129
Q

type of protein fiber that are thin and branching, strong and flexible

A

reticular fibers

130
Q

type of protein fiber that are thin and branching, and elastic (returns to original size and shape after stretching)

A

elasic fibers

131
Q

type of cartilage that found at joints and ends of long bones; reduces friction between articulating bones

A

hyaline cartilage

132
Q

type of cartilage that frames intervertebral disks and prevents bone-to-bone contact

A

fibrocartilage

133
Q

type of cartilage found in external ear and provides structural support

A

elastic cartilage

134
Q

flat sheets of tissue that cover or line part of the body

A

tissue membranes

135
Q

type of membrane that line body cavities that open to external environment;

forms barrier to pathogens and secretes mucus that prevents dessication

A

mucous membrane

136
Q

type of membrane that lines internal body cavities and covers organs within internal body cavities

A

serous membrane

137
Q

type of membrane that consists of epidermis and dermis

A

cutaneous membrane

138
Q

type of membrane that lines cavities of mvable joints and secretes synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

139
Q

layer of the epidermis that has one layer of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes; contains many stem cells that give rise to new keratinocyes

A

stratum basale

140
Q

layer of the epidermis that has 8-10 layers of keratinocytes

living cells and keratinocyes begin producing keratin at this stage

A

stratum spinosum

141
Q

layer of the epidermis with 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, and where the younger keratinocyes produce lamellar granules consisting of hydrophobic keratohyalin that causes dehydration of cell and waterproofs skin

A

stratum granulosum

142
Q

slayer of the epidermis with 3 to 5 layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes and provides extra protection for thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

143
Q

layer of the epidermis that has 25-30 layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes; superficial layers are shed and replaced by new layers from below

A

stratum corneum

144
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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