Exam 3 BIO122 Flashcards
Anatomy
The form or shape of a structure is its anatomy.
Physiology
Anatomy allows for particular functions to occur, called physiology.
What are anatomy and physiology shaped through?
Evolutionary forces, most obviously natural selection.
What is anatomy and physiology correlated across?
Hierarchical scales
Examples:
- Shape and distribution of charges gives molecuels their functions.
- Combinations of cells give tissues specific properties.
What allows for the specific functions of animal parts?
The shapes of them
Fish gills
The anatomy of fish gills allows for extremely efficient exchange of gases with the environment due to counter current exchange of blood and water.
Can physics constrain the possible morphology of an organism? If so, how?
Yes.
Cells can only be so small, animals can only be so large, etc.
Most cells must exchange ____ and ____ with the environment and obtain _____ and secrete ____.
O2, CO2, nutrients, waste
What can allow for new functions to evolve?
morphological evolution
What arrangement allows animals to carry out their physical demands with a wide range of morphologies?
Most animals having surfaces dedicated to gas exchange, digestion, and a delivery system to carry gases, nutrients, and wastes between dedicated surfaces and all other cells.
What phenotypic property do animals present that lack a circulatory system?
Thin or flat bodies.
Cnidarians have a thin tissue that surrounds the gastrovascular cavity, such that all cells are close to it.
Do most animal phyla have a circulatory system? If so, what does it do?
Yes.
Allows transport of materials between organs.
Can circulatory systems be “open” or “closed”?
Yes, both arrangements allow for delivery of oxygen, nutrients, homrones, and removal of wastes.
Do most animals regulate some aspects of their biology relative to the external environment? If so, examples?
Yes, regulation of an internal parameter against changes in the external environment is homeostasis.
Temperature, pH, metabolic rate.
How is homeostasis carried out?
Negative feedback loops.
Maintains a constant setting by carrying out actions that counteract the environmental changes away from the set point.
Example: room temperature 20 degrees (set point). —> Room temp increases —> thermostat turns heater off —> room temperature decreases —> room temperature at 20 degrees (set point).
Are many organ systems adapted to carry out homeostasis? Example?
Yes.
Thermoregulation in humans involves sensory neurons in the brain that detect blood temperature, a dedicated center in the brain that acts as a control center, and several mechanisms under the control of the nervous system that can effect body temperature.
What helps regulate body temperatures?
Counter-current exchange mechanisms.
Heat is transferred from warm to cold substances, therefore body parts that stick out in cold environments often have countercurrent blood flow to prevent heat loss to the environment.
What can also effect homeostasis? Examples?
Behavior.
Many animals that can’t thermoregulate will keep their temperature within a certain range by using certain behaviors.
Some that do thermoregulate will use certain behaviors to assist the process.
What are the two dividors of the immune system?
Innate and Adaptive.
Innate: Not specific, found in many animals.
Adaptive: amplified response to a specific threat, unique to vertebrates.
There is overlap between each system.
Which type of cells does the immune system make use of (predominantly)?
Leukocytes or lymphocytes (white blood cells in the blood or lymphatic system).
Lymphatic Vessels
Filter interstitial fluid/blood for pathogens.
Blood circulates throughout the body, and the fluid component leaves capillary beds to bathe tissues (become interstital fluid).
Lymph vessels collect interstital fluid where pathogens can be filtered out by many types of white blood cells.
Lymph nodes, thymus, and the spleen contain large numbers of white blood cells that filter blood for pathogens.
White blood cells also circulate throughout the body in the blood.
Leukocytes and lymphocytes are…
White blood cells.
Innate white blood cell examples:
Mast cells - Involved with inflammation (secrete histamine).
Macrophages and Neutrophils (phagocytes) - Engulf bacteria that aren’t recognized as host cells.
Natural killer cells: Kill host cells that are infected with a virus, or cancerous cells.
Adaptive white blood cell examples:
T cells (helper T cells, cytotoxic, memory)
B cells (activated, memory)