BioChemistry CH1 Flashcards
small vs large biomolecule
5000 g/mol
Dalton
25000 g/mol = 25000 Da
What is a biomolecule
Molecules that are part of the cell or molecules that are excreted by cells
Where is uric acid excreted
into the bloodstream of humans
When too much uric acid is produced what happens
Gout
ATP and chemical makeup
Critical for energy production
based on carbon skeleton with functional groups such as phosphoryl or alcohol functional groups
Luceferin
Fireflies lightning bugs reactive compound produces light when they undergo a chemical reaction
5 chem rxns
Luminol
Same as luciferin but made in a lab used for crime scenes.
Biochemists study
the structure and function of biomolecules
____ produce dyes
plants
what is glow called
bioluminescence
Chemistry of life (biochem)
In biochem we ask how remarkable properties of organisms relate to their molecules
What are three ways that biochemists study biological organisms?
- structure/function of biomolecules
- chemical reactions the biomolecules undergo
- The attributes of organisms and how they interact with each other (what makes a firefly glow and why)
COMMUNICATION
What is the definition of biochemistry?
The chemistry of life, how different properties of organisms relate to their molecules, molecular structure, and molecular properties
What is another name for firefly?
Lightning bugs
Is Li an element common in biological organisms?
No, not a trace or bulk element
Name some bulk elements and trace elements
Bulk: H C H N O P S Cl Na K Ca
Trace: V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mg Se I
What is the medium of life
Water (found in all cells of multicellular organisms, and outside the cell too)
Bond angles
Linear
Trigonal Planar
Tetrahedral
Trigonal Pyramidal
180
120
109.5
107.5
Are transition metals found in biological organisms
yes
Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Water makes up to __% of living things and some species of plants are __% water by mass
70%, 90%
Larger or smaller elements make stronger covalent bonds
Smaller
They can form stable covalent bonds with significant overlap of atoms.
The bonds withstand mechanical and thermal stress
Difference between organic and inorganic molecules
Organic - contains carbon compounds particularly with H bonds
Inorganic - the study of all other molecules which includes metal compounds
Methane, ethane, propane, Butane, Pentane, hexane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
Chemical formula vs condensed formula
Chemical - C6H14
Condensed - CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Kekule vs line bond
How are aldehyde and ketone functional groups similar and different
Similar: Both double bond C=O
Different: aldehyde has the single bonds coming out of the carbon to one H and one R, whereas ketone has 2 Rs.
functional groups found in glycine
carboxylic acid and amine
Amine
Alkane vs alkene vs alkyne
Bond order
Alkane - CH4, C2H6, C3H8, etc (single bond C-C)
Alkene - R R - C=C - R R (double bond C=C) (R or H)
Alkyne - R - C triplebond C - R
(R or H)
Macromolecule examples
Large biomolecules
Proteins, Carbohydrates, (DNA/RNA)
Monomers of macromolecules
Protein - amino acids
Carbohydrates - sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
DNA/RNA - nucleotides
Supramolecule vs macromolecule
Supramolecule - combination of more than 1 macromolecule of different type
Example: cell wall (a combination of carbs and proteins)
What level of organization is a nucleotide, cell wall, and a protein?
Monomer
Supramolecue
Macromolecule
How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles whereas prokaryotes do not. Prokaryotes are single celled organisms whereas are eukaryotes are multicellular organisms.
How are bacteria and archaea different?
Archaea live in extreme environments such as hot springs, whereas bacteria live in soil water or on human skin.
Phylogenetically speaking, archaea and bacteria are two different categories of cells.
Similarities: Both prokaryotes
Function of mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles
Mitochondria - Breaks down sugar molecules to produce ATP.
Lysosomes - Breaks down a variety of macromolecules for reuse (protein lipid carb nucleic acid)
Have an acidic pH.
Vacuoles - Store water, proteins, ions, and other molecules the cell uses. Have digestive enzymes to degrade proteins carbohydrates, and nucleic aids. In plants, vacuoles in part replace the functional utility of lysosomes in animal cells but act in large part as storage.
What energy molecule is produced in mitochondria?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
ATP contains many functional groups including
Phosphoryl functional groups
PO4 with one double bond.
What do all cells have in common?
plasma membrane - separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell
What is the plasma membrane made up out of
Lipids and non polar proteins (not bonded covalently - which makes it in permeable to waters, ions, and large molecules - can change in response to the environment.
When cell grows, the plasma membrane…
Can synthesize additional lipids to adapt.
A true nucleus exists in…
eukaryotes
A unique double membrane called the nuclear envelope that searates the rest of the cell from the chromosomes.
Rough ER
synthesizes and processes proteins
smooth ER
functions primarily to form lipids
synthesizes lipids and phospholipids
Golgi apparatus
Receives products and processes them from the rough ER on their way to final destination.
peroxisome
Organelle that contains enzymes that detoxify dangerous or hazardous materials.
Cellular respiration
chloroplasts
Convert sunlight into chemical energy. Structure and function are analogous to that of mitochondria.
Cell Wall
Not an organelle, but provides a rigid structure for protection.
Cytoskeleton
Found inside the cell as an extensive network of proteins that give the cell its shape and stability.
Also help cells move around
polymers
Subset of repeating monomers, type of macromolecule
