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Pharmacolocy 2 > Exam 3 Autoimmune Diseases > Flashcards

Exam 3 Autoimmune Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as protecting the body against infection from invading pathogens?

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

Defined as immune response that must be stimulated by and then adapts to the presence of microorganisms before it can effectively destroy them?

A

adaptive immunity

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3
Q

Defined as T lymphocytes defend the body against invaders that live inside of infected host cells?

A

cell-mediated

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4
Q

Defined as pre-exposed to self-antigens in thymus gland: learn to recognize/destroy foreign antigens only?

A

central tolerance

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5
Q

Defined as B lymphocytes can form millions of types of antibodies with different reactivity against specific antigens?

A

humoral

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6
Q

Defined as preventing the body from attacking itself?

A

self-tolerance

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7
Q

Defined as the ability to recognize self antigens

A

self-tolerance

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8
Q

Defined as the body’s ability to discriminate between self antigens and non-self antigens?

A

Immune tolerance

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9
Q

When self-tolerance and immune tolerance fail, what happens?

A

activated T-lymphocytes and antibodies attack your own cells

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10
Q

Another name for autoimmune diseases?

A

autoimmunity

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11
Q

Autoimmunity hypothesis?

A

T and B lymphocytes escape thymus and central tolerance mechanisms and get activated and self-react out in periphery

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12
Q

What are the two factors necessary for development of autoimmunity?

A

1) inherited susceptibility gene

2) environmental triggers

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13
Q

What are some genes that predispose someone for autoimmunity?

A

MHC genes

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14
Q

What do MHC genes do?

A

encode cytokines and are recognized by T lymphocytes for antigen processing

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15
Q

What are some common environmental triggers?

A

infection
high fever
trauma

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16
Q

Name some familial autoimmunity diseases?

A 
Thyroid disease
Lupus
RA
MS
Diabetes
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17
Q

What often triggers autoimmunity?

A

infection

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18
Q

How does infection trigger autoimmunity?

A

1) cytokines activate self-reactive T lymphocytes

2) injured tissue releases antigens that begin autoimmune reaction

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19
Q

What causes autoimmune diseases?

A

when immunologic tolerance fails

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20
Q

What happens to tissues when immunologic tolerance fails?

A

autoantibodies bind to tissues or form immune complexes

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21
Q

Autoantibodies deposit in blood vessels causing what systemic involvement?

A

vasculitis, joint damage, kidney damage

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22
Q

How do autoantibodies initiate disease?

A

alter/inhibit receptor function AND

stimulate receptors normally stimulated by a hormone

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23
Q

How to treat an organ specific autoimmune disease?

A

reduce inflammation with steroids OR

antagonists (blockers) to cytokines

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24
Q

How do steroids reduce inflammation?

A

suppress growth of lymph tissue throughout body

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25
Q

1 bad side effect of reducing inflammation with steroids?

A

since they attack lymph tissue, increased susceptibility to infection

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26
Q

Immunosuppressive drugs are used to inhibit ___ responses?

A

T cell

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27
Q

Treatment for RA?

A

Aspirin and NSAIDS: reduce inflammation, pain, stiffness, encourage normal function

28
Q

Adverse effects of aspirin?

A

GI ulcers, bleeding
Kidney - hyperkalemia/edema (retention of Na/H20)
Tinnitus
Respiratory

29
Q

What sulfa drug to treat RA (after Aspirin and NSAIDS fail) that interferes with prostaglandin synthesis?

A

sulfasalazine

30
Q

sulfasalazine interferes with what?

A

prostaglandin synthesis

31
Q

celebrex is a ____ inhibitor

A

cox-2

32
Q

What drug increases risk for stroke?

A

celebrex

33
Q

Celebrex should be monitored when used with ___?

A

antihypertensives (may decrease effectiveness)

34
Q

What type of drug should be monitored when a patient is taking antihypertensives?

A

cox-2 inhibitor; celebrex

35
Q

Celebrex (cox-2 inhibitor) contraindicated for what?

A

aspirin/NSAID allergic patients

sulfonamides

36
Q

DMARDS stands for?

A

disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (AKA slow acting)

37
Q

Drug of choice for severe RA or psoriatic arthritis when NSAIDS fail)?

A

methotrexate (low dose)

high dose used for chemo

38
Q

Methotrexate most common side effect?

A

mucosal ulcerations, nausea

39
Q

If a patient is experiencing mucosal ulcerations and nausea, what medication are they on to fight severe RA?

A

methotrexate

40
Q

What do immune modulators do and what class of drug are they?

A

inhibit pyrimidine synthesis

DMARD

41
Q

Name another immune modulator besides methotrexate?

A

leflunomide

42
Q

Name 2 proinflammatory cytokines?

A

interleukin-1b and TNF

43
Q

What anticytokine drug blocks TNF alpha?

A

etanercept

44
Q

Etenercept blocks what?

A

TNF alpha

45
Q

What anticytokine drug blocks TNF alpha, but has long-term problems with use?

A

infliximab

46
Q

Long-term use of infliximab has a problem, what is it?

A

body develops antibodies against the drug

47
Q

Name the last TNF alpha blocker drug?

A

adalimumab

48
Q

IL-1 receptor antagonist drug?

A

anakinra

49
Q

anakinra mechamism?

A

blocks IL-1 and slows degradation of cartilage and bone loss

50
Q

Name 2 antimalarials?

A

chloroquine

hydroxychloroquine

51
Q

Antimalarial severe side effects/toxicity?

A

blue-black intraoral pigmentation

52
Q

What drugs cause blue-black intraoral pigmentation?

A

antimalarials
chloroquine
hydroxychloroquine
(although gold compounds do this too)

53
Q

A chelating agent that slows the progression of bone destruction and RA?

A

Penicillamine (also an antidote to heavy metal poisoning)

54
Q

What has a high incidence of toxicity and requires intensive monitoring?

A

Gold compounds

55
Q

Gold compounds all have what in their drug names?

A

Aur
Aurothioglucose
auranofin
gold sodium thiomalate (Aurolate)

56
Q

What type of drugs are used in cases of refractory RA?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs (because refractory means the drugs ain’t working)

57
Q

What do we use with prednisone for a host of diseases I can’t pronounce or even remember?

A

azathioprine

58
Q

Name the immunosuppressive drug used for severe RA that causes alopecia (hair loss)?

A

cyclophosphamide

59
Q

What is used primarily to prevent rejection of organ transplants?

A

cyclosporine

60
Q

What drug can cause gingival overgrowth?

A

cyclosporine

61
Q

What else can steroids affect?

A

peripheral leukocytes

62
Q

What else can steroids inhibit?

A

phospholipase A

63
Q

What else can steroids suppress?

A

allergies

64
Q

Meds to treat Sjogren’s Syndrome and to encourage salivary stimulation?

A

pilocarpine

cevimeline

65
Q

Elevated BP may be due to ____?

A

chronic pain

66
Q

Perform ____ on a regular basis.

A

blood assays

67
Q

Stress raises what?

A

cortisol

Pharmacolocy 2 (15 decks)

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