Exam 3

Question 1

Briefly explain the causes and chain of events (pathogenesis) that leads to, “Acute Rumens Lactic Acidosis” (i.e. ration, changes in the rumen, etc.)

Answer 1

changing feed quickly
"grain overload" 
pH falls to 4-5.5
destroying papillae 
liquid increases in the rumen
build up of gas

Question 2

Describe the pathogenesis of “pregnancy toxemia” (ketosis) in sheep. Include when we expect this disease to occur and list 3 clinical signs we might see with this disease.

Answer 2

negative energy balance during late gestation
stress/ environment
multiple fetuses

depression
weight loss
anorexia

Question 3

Laminitis occurs when inflammation develops between the sensitive and insensitive _____ of the foot.

Answer 3

laminae

Question 4

List 4 ways of preventing pregnancy toxemia in sheep

Answer 4

reduce stress
increase feed ration
monitor around late gestation & early lactation
fresh clean water provided

Question 5

List two treatment options for abomasa displacement (either right or left) and briefly describe each method.

Answer 5

Roll cow - rolling the cow over
Surgery intervention - incision between 11th & 13th rib, manually correcting abomasum, usually stitch to wall
left occurs more frequently

Question 6

Which is a false statement with regard to septic laminitis in cattle?

a. associated with metabolic disorder
b. severe lamented symptoms
c. associated with concomitant infectious disease, i.e. mastitis, metritis
d. rotation of the pedal bone

Answer 6

a. associated with metabolic disorder

Question 7

Which of the following is most important in preventing LDA?

a. provide lots of room so cows do not traumatize each other
b. adaptation to a high concentrate diet
c. provide plenty of free salt
d. provide plenty of fresh water

Answer 7

b. adaptation to a high concentrate diet

Question 8

Which is a true statement concerning hypocalcemia in sheep?

a. diet and proper calcium will prevent disease
b. muscular weakness and anorexia are symptoms of hypocalcemia
c. can occur pre and post-partum
d. all of the above

Answer 8

d. all of the above

Question 9

Which is true with regards to bronchopneumonia?

a. invasion via pulmonary tree
b. characterized by anterior ventral lesions and lung sounds
c. final manifestation of BRD complex
d. all of the above

Answer 9

d. all of the above

Question 10

Which is not a true statement about pregnancy toxemia in sheep?

a. often females are in excessive body weight
b. affected females are carrying a single lamb
c. results from negative energy balance during late gestation
d. concurrent disease may predispose ewe to pregnancy toxemia

Answer 10

b. affected females are carrying a single lamb

Question 11

Which is not considered a sequelae to shipping fever?

a. pericarditis
b. pleuritis
c. laminitis
d. lung abcessation

Answer 11

c. laminitis

Question 12

True or False

Coliform mastitis causes the most common form of aseptic laminitis.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

List 3 symptoms of mastitis and specify if they are abnormalities of the udder or of the milk.

Answer 13

red swollen teets - udder
watery milk - milk
blood in the milk - milk
chunks in the milk - milk

Question 14

“Milk Fever”, in lactating dairy cows is caused by a low/normal/high (choose one) calcium levels in the blood shortly after parturition which can lead to: (list a symptom) _____.

Answer 14

Low

hypocalcium

Question 15

Place contagious or environmental next to each pathogen to define its mode of transmission:

a. Mycoplasma species: _____
b. S. uberis: _____
c. E. coli: _____
d. S. sureus: _____
e. S. dygalactiae: _____
f. S. agalactiae: _____
g. Klebsiella species: _____

Answer 15

a. Contagious
b. Environmental
c. Environmental
d. Contagious
e. Environmental
f. Contagious
g. Environmental

Question 16

List 3 mastitis prevention measures.

Answer 16

clean dry environment
clean, strip, & dip practices
random checks of possible high scc

Question 17

With respect to cattle what sinus frontal/maxillary (choose one) might be open during dehorning and set up a sinus infection? An upper premolar tooth root abscess might infect which sinus frontal/maxillary (choose one) resulting in a unilateral nasal discharge?

Answer 17

Sinus frontal

maxillary

Question 18

Fill in the following statements with 1. Newborn lamb (birth to 7days) 2. lamb/kids (1-6 weeks) 3. weaned lamb/kid (>8 weeks) 4. Adult sheep/goat (>1 year)

a. Castration and tail docking: _____
b. Start creep feeding: _____
c. Pasteurella pneumonia: _____
d. Coccidia diarrhea: _____
e. Caseous Lymphadenitis: _____
f. E. coli/ viral diarrhea: _____
g. CD&T vaccine booster: _____
h. CAE and OPP: _____
i. Chlamydia lameness: _____
j. Camphylobactor abortion: _____

Answer 18

a. 1/2
b. 2
c. 1
d. 2
e. 4
f. 1
g. 2/3
h. 4
i. 4
j. 4

Question 19

Compare “foot rot”’ between cattle and sheep. (at least 5)

Answer 19

cattle: more extensive to treat, cause bigger problems such as lamenesses, contagious
sheep: easier to treat, not as common, contagious

Question 20

Place Aseptic or Septic next to the following statements:

a. Most common form of laminitis: _____
b. Varying levels of symptoms often subclinical: _____
c. Associated with concomitant disease such as mastitis: _____
d. Symptoms often more severe: _____
e. Often associated with dietary changes: _____

Answer 20

a. Aseptic
b. Aseptic
c. Septic
d. Septic
e. Aseptic

Question 21

Using proper nomenclature for Llamas, a _____ is a young llama 4-6 months of age. A weaning to adult llama is called a _____. A castrated male llama is called a _____.

Answer 21

Cria
Juvenile
Gelding

Question 22

Llamas born during the winter months can suffer from Winter Baby Syndrome. What vitamin is lacking in these youngsters? List two ways this syndrome can be prevented.

Answer 22

Vitamin D
Provide supplement
Adequate light from outside

Question 23

With respect to Body Condition Score in sheep; judges level of fullness over the _____ area and across the _____. Generally, check _____ times per year. Animals are considered most productive at the BCS of _____

Answer 23

Rump
Ribs
3
2.5

Question 24

Discuss 3 therapies for treating foot rot in sheep.

Answer 24

Bandage
Foot Bath
Antibiotics

Question 25

One benefits without harming the other is _____

Answer 25

Commensal

Question 26

_____ requires a single host

Answer 26

Direct life cycle

Question 27

The time from infection of definitive host to the production of parasite offspring is _____.

Answer 27

Pre-patent period

Question 28

_____ is where sexual reproduction of a parasite occurs.

Answer 28

Definitive host

Question 29

_____ is required to complete a developmental phase in the parasites life-cycle, excluding sexual reproduction.

Answer 29

Intermediate Host

Question 30

_____ requires greater than one host.

Answer 30

Indirect life cycle

Question 31

True or False

With respect to llamas, they breed laying down and give birth standing up.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

The cat is the definitive host for which zoonotic parasite?

Answer 32

Toxoplasmo

Question 33

List 2 diseases we discussed in class that are transmitted via arthropod vectors.

Answer 33

Blue tongue

Babesia Spp

Question 34

True or False

One “mechanism of action” of a de-wormer to kill parasites is to paralyze the nervous system of the parasite.

Answer 34

True