Exam 1 Flashcards
Define Innate immunity
Non-specific, does not alter with repeated exposure
Define Adaptive immunity
Specific, improves with each successive exposure to the same pathogen
Define Antigen
any molecule that is recognized by the adaptive immune elements
Define Antibody
mediates secondary effects and destroys the pathogen
How does geography and weather affect the occurrence and incidence of disease?
different locations have different incidences of disease,
warm and moist climates are a common place for bacteria and viruses to live and grow
During a physical exam one need to evaluate the mucous membranes of an animal. List 2 different colors the mucous membranes might be and what is telling us about the health of the animal.
Pink = normal Blue = not enough oxygen in the blood White = anemic
List 6 ways infectious agents can be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy animal.
Vertical - Animal A to Offspring (milk, in-vetro)
Horizontal - Animals coming in contact with infected animal (aersol)
Oral
Urine/feces
Secretions - vaginal
Blood Contact
Describe how vectors are involved in disease transmission. List two common vectors in disease transmission.
Without proper sanitation disease can spread from animal to animal
Mosquitos, Fleas, and birds carry infectious diseases that can be passed on to other animals
List the four physical signs/symptoms of inflammations.
Swelling of area
Red
Painful
Warm to the touch
Define incubation period
the period of time when an animal has a disease, but there are NO symptoms or signs of having the disease and it can still transmit the disease
Define Antitoxin
Horse or sheep derived serum
Passive immunization; immediately protective
Define Toxoid
Inactivated bacterial toxin
requires 10-14 days to develop active immunity
Give two examples of why a vaccine might fail to provide protective immunity.
The animal has already been infected with the pathogen
Denatured vaccine - UV light, heat, etc.
List 4 infectious agents
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Discuss the “External Defenses”, of the skin and GI tract in preventing disease.
Skin = 1st barrier, prevents bacteria or viruses from entering the body
GI tract = flushes out, preventing disease
What is a “carrier animal”
an animal that is infected with the disease, but shows no signs or symptoms
Discuss the difference between vertical disease transmission and horizontal disease transmission. Give an example of each.
Vertical: passes from animal A to offspring ( in vetro, milk, colostrum)
Horizontal: passes from animal to animal based on contact (aersol - animal comes in contact with infected animal)
List two properties of modified live virus (MLV) vaccine.
Needs less boosters
Better/ quicker protection
List two properties of killed vaccines
Can NOT cause disease
Needs boosters to activate adaptive immunity
List four Non-infectious cause of disease
Age - young vs. old
Stress - crowding
Housing - ventilation
Nutritional imbalances
As an animal manager, describe the “visual exam”, of an animal
Body score
Any visible problems
Lameness
Secretions, where, color
Define IM
Intramuscular: within the muscle
Define SQ
Subcutaneous: right under the skin
Define PO
Oral: given orally