Exam 1

Question 1

Define Innate immunity

Answer 1

Non-specific, does not alter with repeated exposure

Question 2

Define Adaptive immunity

Answer 2

Specific, improves with each successive exposure to the same pathogen

Question 3

Define Antigen

Answer 3

any molecule that is recognized by the adaptive immune elements

Question 4

Define Antibody

Answer 4

mediates secondary effects and destroys the pathogen

Question 5

How does geography and weather affect the occurrence and incidence of disease?

Answer 5

different locations have different incidences of disease,

warm and moist climates are a common place for bacteria and viruses to live and grow

Question 6

During a physical exam one need to evaluate the mucous membranes of an animal. List 2 different colors the mucous membranes might be and what is telling us about the health of the animal.

Answer 6

Pink = normal
Blue = not enough oxygen in the blood
White = anemic

Question 7

List 6 ways infectious agents can be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy animal.

Answer 7

Vertical - Animal A to Offspring (milk, in-vetro)
Horizontal - Animals coming in contact with infected animal (aersol)
Oral
Urine/feces
Secretions - vaginal
Blood Contact

Question 8

Describe how vectors are involved in disease transmission. List two common vectors in disease transmission.

Answer 8

Without proper sanitation disease can spread from animal to animal
Mosquitos, Fleas, and birds carry infectious diseases that can be passed on to other animals

Question 9

List the four physical signs/symptoms of inflammations.

Answer 9

Swelling of area
Red
Painful
Warm to the touch

Question 10

Define incubation period

Answer 10

the period of time when an animal has a disease, but there are NO symptoms or signs of having the disease and it can still transmit the disease

Question 11

Define Antitoxin

Answer 11

Horse or sheep derived serum

Passive immunization; immediately protective

Question 12

Define Toxoid

Answer 12

Inactivated bacterial toxin

requires 10-14 days to develop active immunity

Question 13

Give two examples of why a vaccine might fail to provide protective immunity.

Answer 13

The animal has already been infected with the pathogen

Denatured vaccine - UV light, heat, etc.

Question 14

List 4 infectious agents

Answer 14

Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi

Question 15

Discuss the “External Defenses”, of the skin and GI tract in preventing disease.

Answer 15

Skin = 1st barrier, prevents bacteria or viruses from entering the body

GI tract = flushes out, preventing disease

Question 16

What is a “carrier animal”

Answer 16

an animal that is infected with the disease, but shows no signs or symptoms

Question 17

Discuss the difference between vertical disease transmission and horizontal disease transmission. Give an example of each.

Answer 17

Vertical: passes from animal A to offspring ( in vetro, milk, colostrum)

Horizontal: passes from animal to animal based on contact (aersol - animal comes in contact with infected animal)

Question 18

List two properties of modified live virus (MLV) vaccine.

Answer 18

Needs less boosters

Better/ quicker protection

Question 19

List two properties of killed vaccines

Answer 19

Can NOT cause disease

Needs boosters to activate adaptive immunity

Question 20

List four Non-infectious cause of disease

Answer 20

Age - young vs. old
Stress - crowding
Housing - ventilation
Nutritional imbalances

Question 21

As an animal manager, describe the “visual exam”, of an animal

Answer 21

Body score
Any visible problems
Lameness
Secretions, where, color

Question 22

Define IM

Answer 22

Intramuscular: within the muscle

Question 23

Define SQ

Answer 23

Subcutaneous: right under the skin

Question 24

Define PO

Answer 24

Oral: given orally

Question 25

Define IN

Answer 25

Intranasal: inside the nose

Question 26

List four important considerations before vaccinating an animal

Answer 26

Age
Area of administering
Sex: pregnant or not
History

Question 27

True or False

A pathogen is a microorganism or substance capable of causing disease

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True or False

Protein, blood or other organic material can weaken or inhibit the product activity of a cleaner/disinfectant

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or False
A vaccine is a chemical produced by a microorganism that has the ability to dilute solutions to inhibit microbial growth or kill microorganisms

Answer 29

False

Question 30

True or False

Sterilization is a form of physical disinfection that will destroy all pathogens

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or False

90% of pathogen reduction will occur through physical cleaning alone

Answer 31

True

Question 32

True or False
A product that is bacteriological will inhibit bacterial growth whereas a product that is bacteriostatic will kill any bacteria that are present

Answer 32

False

Question 33

True or False

According to BQA it is acceptable to give intramuscular (IM) injections in the neck muscle.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or False

No greater that 10ml to product should be injected IM at one injection site

Answer 34

True

Question 35

True or False
With respect to cleaning and disinfection, action of any cleaning is proportional to contact time, concentration of cleaner and temperature of cleaner.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

True or False
Incidence of disease is the proportion of animals that develop the condition (new cases) of interest during a defined period.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Place a T (T-cell lymphocyte) or a B (B-cell lymphocyte) beside the following statements:

a. Differentiates into plasma cells which produce antibodies: ______
b. Produces suppressor cells to turn off the immune response: ______
c. Associated with cell mediated immunity (CMI): _____
d. Works on extracellular pathogens: _____
e. Part of the Humoral immune response: _____
f. Stimulates macrophages to kill intercellular pathogens: _____

Answer 37

a. B-cells
b. T-cells
c. T-cells
d. B-cells
e. B-cells
f. T-cells