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Bio 106 csun > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lamarckianism

A

traits acquired during the life time of an individual were passed on to offspring

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2
Q

darwins theory

A

natural selection or genetically based variation leads to evolutionary change

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3
Q

charles lylell principles of geology

A

earth is much older than 6000 yrs old earths geology is formed by slow moving forces

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4
Q

thomas robert malthus

A

an essay on the principle of population 1798 human population will be limited by factor such as food water some individuals die others survive

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5
Q

favorable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavorable ones to be destroyed

A

charles darwin

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6
Q

alfred russel wallace

A

closely related species occupied neighboring geographic areas barriers such as the amazon separated related species

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7
Q

descent with modification

A

traits vary among individuals individuals with certain traits reproduce and have more offspring

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8
Q

Staph infections

A

30-40% of healthy people carry staph infection begins with little cut or surgical wound with gets infected staph can be minor (fingernail infection) or ver serious and lead to death -organ failure

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9
Q

high risk of staph

A

athletes people with weakened immune systems infections of surgical wounds

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10
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemical (drugs) that kill bacteria or slow their growth by interfering with function of cell structure

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11
Q

history antibiotics

A

a fungus penicillium can kill bacteria 1928 for decades antibiotics treated bacterial infections and death rate due bacteria dropped resistance started to emerge some staph strains resist every type of treatment

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12
Q

how do bacteria quire resistance

A

mutation and gene transfer

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13
Q

Mutation

A

creates new genetic diversity by creating new alleles

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14
Q

what is an allele

A

variant of a gene

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15
Q

cystic fibrosis is caused by …

A

a mutation in the CFTR gene cystic fibrosis deletes the CTT-which interferes with gene function

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16
Q

what is a population

A

group of the same species that live together in the same geographic area

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17
Q

how do populations evolve

A

a new trait can raise when that trait is favored it is advantageous to have that trait

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18
Q

fitness

A

how well an individual does -survival and reproduction resulting in offspring

Factors related to fitness:

  • survive
  • reproduce
  • offspring quality
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19
Q

evolution

A

is the change in allele evolution over time

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20
Q

what happens when a trait is favored (over others)

A

the alleles that code for those traits increase frequency over time

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21
Q

natural selection

A

favors some traits over others the population shows adaptation

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22
Q

adaptation

A

advantageous traits become more common in population over time

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23
Q

evolution by natural selection occurs in populations or individuals ?

A

populations individual organism do not experience a change in allele frequencies over time therefore individuals don’t evolve

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24
Q

sexual selection

A

occurs when traits used in attracting mates vary and individuals with certain traits attract the most mates

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25
Q

inbreeding

A

the mating between relatives is the most intensively studied form of nonrandom mating

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26
Q

consequences of inbreeding

A

because relatives share a common ancestor individuals that breed with relatives are likely to have the same alleles

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27
Q

how does inbreeding influence evolution

A

although inbreeding does not directly cause evolution it can speed up the rate of evolutionary change it increases the rte at which natural selection eliminates deleterious alleles from a population

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28
Q

genetic drift

A

its all about chance random fluctuations in the number of alleles in a pulsation an allele may increase or decrease by chance over time

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29
Q

founder effect

A

few individuals colonize and establish small isolated populations new population is likely to have different allele frequencies than the source population by chance

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30
Q

population bottle neck

A

a sudden reduction in the number of (different) alleles in a population

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31
Q

the effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in

A

small isolated populations

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32
Q

the colonization of beetles on an island that never had those beetles before is an example of

A

founder effect

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33
Q

the following is false regarding genetic bottle necks

A

results from a disease that targets individuals that already weak or inferior

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34
Q

what are the consequences of gene flow

A

serves to homogenize (make the same) all frequencies between populations

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35
Q

the movent of alleles from one population to another

A

occurs when individuals leave one population join another and breed

36
Q

the genetic difference between two populations will (increase/decrease) after gene flow

A

increase

37
Q

mutations introduce____

A

new alleles

38
Q

why do mutations have such a big effect on bateria?

A

because they have such a short generation time (reproduce rapidly)

39
Q

which process is not likely to be operation in a system where there is binary vision and not sexual reproduction

A

gene flow

40
Q

a null hypothesis hardy weinberg

A

allele frequencies in a population do not change over time

41
Q

frequency for the AA Genotype

A

pp or p^2

42
Q

the frequency of the Aa genotype is

A

2pq

43
Q

the genotype frequency of aa is

A

qq or q^2

44
Q

p^2+2pq +q^2=

A

1 genotype frequencies

45
Q

p+q=1

A

alle frequencies

46
Q

alle frequencies in a population do not change over time as long as there is

A
  1. random mating - mating choice 2. no selection.-all individuals survive and reproduce 3. no genetic drift - infinitely large population size no getting lucky 4. no mutation -no new alleles 5. no gene flow - no alleles gained or lost due migration and mating THIS DOES NOT EXIST
47
Q

HOW DO EVOLUTION PROCESS AFFECT POPULATIONS

A

TEST ALLELES IN POPULATION AGIAINST THE NULL HYPOTHESIS OF NO CHANGE 2. use a mathematical model to predict how different forces would change alleles 3. collect data and test predictions

48
Q

which is stronger ? drift vs selection ?

A

in small populations genetic drift can be very strong in larg population selection is strong

49
Q

how do our evolution processes lead to the evolution of a new species

A

Macroevolution

50
Q

biological species concept

A

reproductive isolating mechanisms the biological species concept focuses on the ability to exchange genes

51
Q

reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

barriers tp succesful reproduction prezygotic isolating mechanisms postzygotic isolating mechanisms

52
Q

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

mechanism that prevents formation of a zygote individuals are prevented from mating Behavioural isolating temporal habitat genetic barrier mechanical barrier

53
Q

postzygotic isolating mechanism

A

mechanism that prevents development into an adult individuals mate but the hybrid offspring are sterile have low fitness or don’t survive

54
Q

biological species concept disadvantages

A

the criterion of reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossils or in species that reproduce asexually hybrids do well

55
Q

the phylogenetic species concept

A

is based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations

56
Q

what are the disadvantages of the phylogenetic concept

A

phylogenies ae currently available for only a tiny (though growing) subset of populations on the tree of life critics point out that it would probably lead to recognition of many more species than either of the other species concepts

57
Q

speciation

A

the process of forming new species

58
Q

populations are rocognized as distinct species from each other if they are

A

reproductively isolated form a distinct phylogenetic lineage on the tree of life

59
Q

speciation most likely occurs in what type of geographic location

A

isolation such as islands

60
Q

2 parts of speciation

A
  1. initial identical populations must diversify 2.reproductive isolation must evolve to maintain these differences
61
Q

why must gene flow cease for speciation to proceed

A

because gene flow homogenizes populations -makes them the same-

62
Q

Allopatric vicariance

A

physical barrier

63
Q

allopatric dispersal

A

no barrier just move

64
Q

species-recognition cues

A

diverge to a greater extent when two distinct populations co-occur (sypatric)

65
Q

REINFORCEMENT

A

Selection for species recognition traits that prevent hybridization is called REINFORCEMENT

66
Q

REINFORCEMENT increases the morphological divergence between populations - this mode of selection is called _________ selection (removing intermediate form)

A

DISRUPTIVE

67
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

the rapid diversification of a lineage that results in many closely related species with a wide range of adaptations

68
Q

he colonization of ancestral tarweed from California to the Hawaiian islands that led to the formation of a new species (silversword) is an example of
speciation via ___________

A

dispersal

69
Q
A
70
Q

phenotype

A

the expression of a trait

71
Q

genotype

A

the sequence of DNA for the allele of a gene

72
Q

requirements for natural selection?

A
  1. Individuals within a species are variable
  2. Variation in a trait is (at least in some part) heritable – that is, passed on to offspring
  3. In every generation, some individuals are more successful than others at surviving and reproducing
  4. Survival and reproduction are NOT random, but tied to the heritable variation among individuals. Some individuals survive and reproduce more than others
73
Q

mutation in mc1r gene

A

melanocorton 1 receptor (skin pigmentation)

74
Q

homology

A

similarity due to common descent

75
Q

acclimate

A

when you go to high elevation - you produce more red blood cells

then, when you descend the mountain, you stop producing excess oxygen-carrying red blood cells

NO CHANGE IN ALLELES

76
Q

evolution Adaptation

A

An allele that increases the ability to hold oxygen has evolved in Tibetans. This allele is absent/rare in human populations that live at low elevations

CHANGE IN ALLELES in a population

77
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene

78
Q

what is the ‘gene pool’

A

all the genetic information (all the genes and all alleles) in a POPULATION

79
Q

directional selection

A

favors a change in the mean phenotype

80
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

favors the extreme phenotypes

81
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
82
Q

From a conservation perspective, isolated populations are at risk. This is because small, isolated populations tend to experience inbreeding, leading to a loss of genetic diversity. Small isolated populations are also more susceptible to the effects of __________

A

genetic drift

83
Q

One way to connect isolated populations is to modify the habitat so that individuals can move between populations and breed, thus bringing new genetic variation into the population through ______________

A

gene flow

84
Q

Which of the following are TRUE regarding key innovations.

A. many of the synapomorphies we studied on the tree of life are examples of key innovations

B. key innovations are traits that allow descendents to live in new areas and exploit new resources

C. key innovations are NOT likely to improve fitness, and therefore, are NOT expected to evolve through selection

D. feathers for flight and lungs to breathe air are examples of key innovations

A

A. many of the synapomorphies we studied on the tree of life are examples of key innovations

B. key innovations are traits that allow descendents to live in new areas and exploit new resources

D. feathers for flight and lungs to breathe air are examples of key innovations

85
Q

flood separated a large population into two populations. The isolation persisted for a very long time such that those two populations diversified and speciated. Then, the land masses are reconnected. Which of the possible outcomes listed below are possible if gene flow was NOT restored between the two species.

the differences between the species are exaggerated when they come back into contact

continue to diversify and not breed with each other

fuse back into one species

mate and have offspring that form a new species

A

the differences between the species are exaggerated when they come back into contact

continue to diversify and not breed with each other

86
Q

This phylogeny shows the relationships among six supspecies of seaside sparrow. You are a conservation biologist and will breed fisheri with another subspecies to save its declining populations. Which of the following subspecies should NOT be bred with fisheri?

A

nigrescens

Maritima

Macgillivaraii

Bio 106 csun (8 decks)

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