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Bio 106 csun > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sister groups

A

Sister taxa are any taxa derived from a common ancestral node.

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2
Q

outgroup taxon

A

a taxon outside the group of interest alll members of the group are more costly related to each other than they are to the out group

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3
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derrived trait

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4
Q

apomorphy

A

derived trait

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5
Q

monophyletic clade

A

includes ancestor and all descendents

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6
Q

paraphyletic clade

A

includes ancestors and some but not all descendents

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7
Q

what is the basic unit of life?

A

a cell with

  • Dna genetic code ordered structures regulation of internal conditions
  • growth and developent energy use respodus to stimuli
  • repoduce ance evolve
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8
Q

archaea are more closely related to eukarya becasue ?

A

share genes and metabolic pathways

enzymes used for dna translation and transcription

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9
Q

carl woese

A

using rna he found that rRNA of archaea and ukarya are more similar to eachother

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10
Q

true or false

prokaryotes are a monopheletic clade

A

false they are parapheletic

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11
Q

prokaryotic

A

lack nuclear membrane

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12
Q

how many difernt prokaryotes are in your stomach lining

A

128 species in your stomach lining

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13
Q

how many difernt prokaryotes are in your small intestine

A

400

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14
Q

how many difernt prokaryotes are in your large intistine

A

1000

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15
Q

how many difernt prokaryotes are in you mouth

A

700

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16
Q

Bacteria and Archaea differ in

A
  • structure
  • physiology
  • biochemistry
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17
Q

bioremediation

A

some bacteria and archaea are used to clean pollution

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18
Q

METAGENOMICS

A

Metagenomics, or environmental sequencing, is a new technique for

documenting the presence of these organisms

It allows researchers to identify species and biochemical pathways by comparing DNA sequences with those of known genes

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19
Q

‘Prokaryote’: basic biology

A
  • cell wall covered by a sticky capsule
  • bacteria: peptidoglycan in cell wall
  • archaea: unique phospholipid in plasma membrane
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20
Q

peptidoglycan

A
  • single polymer that forms a net-like mesh around the cell.
  • Antibiotics interfere with it’s synthesis
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21
Q

Proteobacteria

A
  • origin of mitochondrial DNA
  • Proteobacteria taxa to know:
      • Escherichia coli (Proteobacteria) -
    • Salmonella (Proteobacteria)
      • Vibrio (Proteobacteria)
      • H. pylori (Proteobacteria)
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22
Q

stomach ulcers caused by what bacteria?

A

heliocobacter pylori

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23
Q

Vibrio

A

is a pathogenic bacteria - causes an

infection, typically when people who consume undercooked seafood or swim in contaminated ocean with open wound

also involved in a symbiotic relationship with some fish - Vibrio attaches to food particles in fish guts, is expelled >> bioluminescent, and attracts more to the colony

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24
Q

cyanobacteria

A

are a form of photosynthetic bacterium common in both marine and freshwater environments deeply pigmented often responsible for blooms in polluted waters both colonial and solitary forms are common some filamentous forms habe cells specialized for ntrogen fixation

  • pond scum is really several species of cyanobacteria
  • can be very toxic to humans
  • oxygen revolution
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25
Q

The Oxygen revolution

A

aka ‘blue green bacteria’, formally known as ‘blue green algae’

  • Oxygen on Earth !!
  • No free molecular oxygen for the first 2.3 billion years of Earth’s history
  • PHOTOSYTNThETIC! cyanobacteria perform oxygen-producing photosynthesis
  • switch from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration for Earths organisms
  • changed Earth’s atmosphere - to a high oxygen concentration
  • Can convert Nitrogen in the atmosphere into an organic form (ammonia or nitrate)
    • nucleic acids (DNA)
    • proteins
  • Many eukaryotes use the ammonia form of nitrogen
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26
Q

Spirochetes

A
  • long coiled shaped cells that stain gram negative
  • common in acuatic environments
  • -axial filaments
    (modified flagella) used in corkscrew-like motion of spirochetes
  • some spirochetes such as treponema pallidum (sypilis) and borrelia burdorferi (lyme disease) are significant human pathogens
  • T ppallidium : causes syphilis
  • Borrelia: causes lyme deases
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27
Q

T. pallidium

A

Sporochete that causes syphalis

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28
Q

Borrelia

A

Spirochete that causes lyme disease

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29
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

B. anthracis (anthrax)

Staphylococcus aureus

  • pimples
  • toxic shock syndrom
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • sepsis
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30
Q

thermophiles

A

persist in harsh environments.. possible that this is how early prokaryotes survived and evolved on Earth

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31
Q

ARCHAEA

A
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32
Q

Eukaryote?

A

True nucleus

  • Endosymbiosis and the origin of Eukaryotes
  • 6 Major Eukaryotic lineages
  • many are multicellular
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33
Q

what are the 6 major eukarya linages

A

chromalveolata

rhizaria

archaeaplatida

excavata

ameoboza

Opisthokonta

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34
Q

Protists’

A

a paraphyletic group any Eukarya that is not: plant animal fungi

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35
Q

Amoebozoa synapomorphies

A
  • cell lacks cell wall
  • when portions of the cell extend outword to move the cell they form large lobes
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36
Q

ospisthokonta

A

reproductive cells have a single flagellum at their bases

the cristatae inside mitochandria are flat not tubed shaped as in other eukaryotes

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37
Q

excavta synapomorphies

A

cells have a p

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38
Q

EUKARYOTES - DNA

A

Nuclear DNA - chromosomes (genome)

Mitochondrial DNA - circular genome

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39
Q

PRIMARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS

A

is the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote. An organism may then use that organism to its advantage. If a eukaryotic cell engulfs a photosynthetic alga cell, the larger organism can then use the products of the alga and become an autotrophic organism.

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40
Q

SECONDARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS

A

Red algal and green algal chloroplasts were transferred to other protists

red alge transferd to ALVEOLATA STRAMENOPILA

green algea transferd to EXCAVATA and rhizaria

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41
Q

Alveolata:

A

small sacs, alveoli

Alveolata includes 3 major groups:

  1. Dinoflagellates
  2. Ciliates

(Paramecium)

  1. Apicomplexan

(Plasmodium)

42
Q

Alveolates: Ciliates

A

have ‘cilia’ - little hairs

common in marine plankton and the digestive track of cows, goats, sheep, cattle..grazers..help digest plants by feeding on plant matter

Paramecium is a famous Ciliate

43
Q

alveoli

A

major structure for Aveolites (hence it’s name ‘alveolites’) - they provide support for the cell membrane

44
Q

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

A

unicellular, marine, often endosymbiotic in corals and other organisms

cell wall made up of cellulose plates

‘blooms’ (60 million/liter) that are toxic to shellfish and the humans that eat shellfish

45
Q

There are 3 major human infectious diseases: One of these is caused by an Alveolate - which of these diseases is it?

  1. HIV
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. Malaria
A

Malaria

which is spread by mosquitos

46
Q

Stramenopila

A

‘hairy’ flagellum

3 major groups:

  1. Brown algae
  2. Diatoms
  3. Water molds
47
Q

Stramenopiles (Diatoms)

A

unicellular or filamentous
distinctive flagellum with hollow hairs marine or freshwater

secrete top & bottom shells of silica

major component of sedimentary rock
used for filtration, insulation, metal polishing

48
Q

Stramenopiles (includes brown algae)

A

‘seaweeds’ and kelp

49
Q

Excavata

A

loss of mitochondria

Giardia Trypanosoma

    • Chagas disease and sleeping sickness

unicellular

an excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell

‘loss of mitochondria’

50
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Excavates

  • Chagas disease and sleeping sickness
51
Q

Amoebozoa:

A
  • ameoboid form
  • slime molds
    • most unicellular, some multicellular

plasmodial slime mold form a large, web-like structure

  • a single super cell with many nuclei in one cell
    • move by ameoboid action - sliding

important decomposers in forests

*

52
Q

Name taxa A - G:

A

name taxa a-f

53
Q

Plantae

A

monophyletic goup that contains

one of the 6 basal eukaryote lineages

red algae

green algae

bryophytes

ferns and allies

seed plants

54
Q

red algae

A

synaoimorphy: high levels of phycoerythin

can live at grester depths due to red pigment that absorbs blue and green light

secrete calcium carbonate –> stabilizes coral reefs

55
Q

green plants

A

synapomorphies:

  • 2 kind of chlorophyl
  • store photosynthetic products such as starch
    *
56
Q

green algae

A

part of green plants

  • unicellular multicellular or colonial
  • freshwater marine moist terrestrial habbits
  • basal to land pants
  • cause of pink snow due to the red carotenoid pigments
57
Q

Stoneworts

A

part of green algae

  • form beds on the bottom of lake
  • freshwater algae
  • multicellular
  • gave rise to multicellular land plants
58
Q

Non-vascular plants

A

liverworts

  • Damp forest floors in dense mats
  • cutiles some have pores some dont
  • gemmae(asexual reproduction)
  • no taller than 5-qo cm
  • break off and form gamete (gemmae)
    *
59
Q

gemmae

A

small lens shaped outgrowth of the plant body each capable of developing into a new plant

61
Q

land plants

A

3 major groups

  1. live on land (land plants)
  2. vascular tissu( vascular plants)
  3. seeds( seed plants)
  • survival in air
    • cuticles-waxy prevents h20 loss
    • stomata- gas exchange
  • stay upright in air
  • reproduce in air
    • complex gametangia
    • embryo retention
    • alternation of generation
62
Q

land plants major tranition

complex gametangia

A

gametangia are complex gamete producing structures

63
Q

land plants major transitions

embryo retention

A

zygotes develope on the parent attatched and recives nourishment

64
Q

Mosses

A

stomata- transport of nutrients

decaying moss in water forms peat bogs

65
Q

land plants

vascular plants

A

snyapomorphies

  • live on land
  • vascular tissue
    • lignin (stem/trunk)
  • seeds
66
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

ferns

have vascular tissue( water and nutrient transport) but do not make seeds

67
Q

What are the synapomorphies for A, B, C and D?

68
Q

fill in tree

  1. green algae
  2. stoneworts
  3. land plants
  4. green plants
  5. vascular plants
69
Q

lable tree add synapomorphies

  1. 2 kinds of chlorophyl
  2. vascular tissue
  3. complex gametangia
  4. retention of embryo
  5. cuticle pores
  6. seeds
  7. live on land
70
Q

3 trends in plant evolution

A

Alternation of generations

sporophyte dominated life cycle

hetrospory

71
Q

descent with modification

roots shoots and leaves

A

physiology size and shape facilate gathering light water and nutrients as well as withstanding phsical stress (desiccation hurricanes ect)

72
Q

human reproduction

A

2 copies of eah chromosome

if chomosome is denoted by ‘n”

then 2 copies denoted ‘2n’

1n egg + 1n sperm=2n zygote

73
Q

meiosis

A

cell dicision that reduces the number ofchromosomes by half

2n–>1n

gamets(2n) make egg(1n)and sperm1(n)

74
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division that results in replicaton

1n–>1n

2n–>2n

75
Q

2n cell is reduced to 1n through

76
Q

1n egg and 1n sperm unite to form a 2n

77
Q

cell replicate (2n to more2n) throgh

78
Q

alternaton of generation

A

alternate as a 2n and 1n

half life as 2n half life 1n

79
Q

gernerlized plant life cycle step 1

A

sporophyte makes 1n spores (2n to 1n)

80
Q

generalized plant life cycle

stage 2

A

1n spores dividde by mitosis into gametophyte (1n)

81
Q

generalized plant lyfe cycle

stage 3

A

gametophyte 1n produces gamets (1n)

82
Q

generalized plant life cycle

stage 4

A

gamets (1n) unite to form 2n zygote- fertilization

83
Q

generalized plant life cycle

stage 5`

A

zygote (2n) divided by mitosis to form a sporophyte(2n)

84
Q

fill in the blanks

85
Q

gametophyte

A

mosses horsetails

86
Q

sporophyte

A

ferns are sporophyte dominant

87
Q

where are plants gametophyte domanit

A

from liverworts to hornworts

88
Q

WHERE ARE PLANTS SPOROPHYTE DOMINANT

A

FROM LYCOPHYTES TO ANGIOSPERM

89
Q

advantage of sporophyte dominated life cycle

A

diploi cells can respond to vsrying environmental conditions beter than haploid

90
Q

homosporus

A

non vascular plants and most seedless cascular plants

91
Q

heterospory

A

producing two distinct types of spor-producing structures(male and female)

thus gametophytes of seed plants are either male or female but not both

92
Q

seed plants

A
  • produce seeds
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
  • synapomorphy:
    • heterospory
    • pollen
    • seeds
      *
93
Q

5 lineages of seed plants

A
  1. conifers(pine spruce firs redwoods)
  2. cycads
  3. gnetophytes
  4. ginko
  5. flowering plants
94
Q

gymnosperms

A

naked seeds

contains 4 of 5

  1. conifer
  2. cycads
  3. gnetophytes
  4. ginko
    5.
95
Q

angiosperms 3 major synapomorphies

A

flowere-reproductive structure

fruit-berry that contains seed

vessel elements- transport food and watter

96
Q

angiosperm Monocot

A

veins in ther leaves like grass and have one cotyledon

97
Q

eudicots

A

two cotylendons and has brnaching veins in leaves

99
Q

what is this orginizum and what is the function of the indicated part

A

Anabeana, a genus of cyanobacteria.

fixes carbon

100
Q

give the shape and gram stain result

A

cocci

gram positive

103
Q

There is substantial evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are remnants of once free-living bacteria that came to live in intimate contact with archaea; this is part of a theory termed the ______________ theory.

A

endosymbiotic

Bio 106 csun (8 decks)

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