exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
sister groups
A
Sister taxa are any taxa derived from a common ancestral node.
2
Q
outgroup taxon
A
a taxon outside the group of interest alll members of the group are more costly related to each other than they are to the out group
3
Q
synapomorphy
A
shared derrived trait
4
Q
apomorphy
A
derived trait
5
Q
monophyletic clade
A
includes ancestor and all descendents
6
Q
paraphyletic clade
A
includes ancestors and some but not all descendents
7
Q
what is the basic unit of life?
A
a cell with
- Dna genetic code ordered structures regulation of internal conditions
- growth and developent energy use respodus to stimuli
- repoduce ance evolve
8
Q
archaea are more closely related to eukarya becasue ?
A
share genes and metabolic pathways
enzymes used for dna translation and transcription
9
Q
carl woese
A
using rna he found that rRNA of archaea and ukarya are more similar to eachother
10
Q
true or false
prokaryotes are a monopheletic clade
A
false they are parapheletic
11
Q
prokaryotic
A
lack nuclear membrane
12
Q
how many difernt prokaryotes are in your stomach lining
A
128 species in your stomach lining
13
Q
how many difernt prokaryotes are in your small intestine
A
400
14
Q
how many difernt prokaryotes are in your large intistine
A
1000
15
Q
how many difernt prokaryotes are in you mouth
A
700
16
Q
Bacteria and Archaea differ in
A
- structure
- physiology
- biochemistry
17
Q
bioremediation
A
some bacteria and archaea are used to clean pollution
18
Q
METAGENOMICS
A
Metagenomics, or environmental sequencing, is a new technique for
documenting the presence of these organisms
It allows researchers to identify species and biochemical pathways by comparing DNA sequences with those of known genes
19
Q
‘Prokaryote’: basic biology
A
- cell wall covered by a sticky capsule
- bacteria: peptidoglycan in cell wall
- archaea: unique phospholipid in plasma membrane
20
Q
peptidoglycan
A
- single polymer that forms a net-like mesh around the cell.
- Antibiotics interfere with it’s synthesis
21
Q
Proteobacteria
A
- origin of mitochondrial DNA
- Proteobacteria taxa to know:
- Escherichia coli (Proteobacteria) -
- Salmonella (Proteobacteria)
- Vibrio (Proteobacteria)
- H. pylori (Proteobacteria)
22
Q
stomach ulcers caused by what bacteria?
A
heliocobacter pylori
23
Q
Vibrio
A
is a pathogenic bacteria - causes an
infection, typically when people who consume undercooked seafood or swim in contaminated ocean with open wound
also involved in a symbiotic relationship with some fish - Vibrio attaches to food particles in fish guts, is expelled >> bioluminescent, and attracts more to the colony
24
Q
cyanobacteria
A
are a form of photosynthetic bacterium common in both marine and freshwater environments deeply pigmented often responsible for blooms in polluted waters both colonial and solitary forms are common some filamentous forms habe cells specialized for ntrogen fixation
- pond scum is really several species of cyanobacteria
- can be very toxic to humans
- oxygen revolution
25
The Oxygen revolution
aka ‘blue green bacteria’, formally known as ‘blue green algae’
* Oxygen on Earth !!
* No free molecular oxygen for the first 2.3 billion years of Earth’s history
* PHOTOSYTNThETIC! cyanobacteria perform oxygen-producing photosynthesis
* switch from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration for Earths organisms
* changed Earth’s atmosphere - to a high oxygen concentration
* Can convert Nitrogen in the atmosphere into an organic form (ammonia or nitrate)
* nucleic acids (DNA)
* proteins
* Many eukaryotes use the ammonia form of nitrogen
26
Spirochetes
* long coiled shaped cells that stain gram negative
* common in acuatic environments
* -axial filaments
(modified flagella) used in corkscrew-like motion of spirochetes
* some spirochetes such as treponema pallidum (sypilis) and borrelia burdorferi (lyme disease) are significant human pathogens
* T ppallidium : causes syphilis
* Borrelia: causes lyme deases
27
T. pallidium
Sporochete that causes syphalis
28
Borrelia
Spirochete that causes lyme disease
29
gram-positive bacteria
B. anthracis (anthrax)
Staphylococcus aureus
- pimples
- toxic shock syndrom
- pneumonia
- meningitis
- sepsis
30
thermophiles
persist in harsh environments.. possible that this is how early prokaryotes survived and evolved on Earth
31
ARCHAEA
32
Eukaryote?
True nucleus
* Endosymbiosis and the origin of Eukaryotes
* 6 Major Eukaryotic lineages
* many are multicellular
33
what are the 6 major eukarya linages
chromalveolata
rhizaria
archaeaplatida
excavata
ameoboza
Opisthokonta
34
Protists’
a paraphyletic group any Eukarya that is not: plant animal fungi
35
Amoebozoa synapomorphies
* cell lacks cell wall
* when portions of the cell extend outword to move the cell they form large lobes
36
ospisthokonta
reproductive cells have a single flagellum at their bases
the cristatae inside mitochandria are flat not tubed shaped as in other eukaryotes
37
excavta synapomorphies
cells have a p
38
EUKARYOTES - DNA
Nuclear DNA - chromosomes (genome)
Mitochondrial DNA - circular genome
39
PRIMARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS
is the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote. An organism may then use that organism to its advantage. If a eukaryotic cell engulfs a photosynthetic alga cell, the larger organism can then use the products of the alga and become an autotrophic organism.
40
SECONDARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Red algal and green algal chloroplasts were transferred to other protists
red alge transferd to ALVEOLATA STRAMENOPILA
green algea transferd to EXCAVATA and rhizaria
41
Alveolata:
small sacs, alveoli
Alveolata includes 3 major groups:
1. Dinoflagellates
2. Ciliates
(Paramecium)
3. Apicomplexan
(Plasmodium)
42
Alveolates: Ciliates
have ‘cilia’ - little hairs
common in marine plankton and the digestive track of cows, goats, sheep, cattle..grazers..help digest plants by feeding on plant matter
***_Paramecium i_***s a famous Ciliate
43
alveoli
major structure for Aveolites (hence it’s name ‘alveolites’) - they provide support for the cell membrane
44
Alveolates: Dinoflagellates
unicellular, marine, often endosymbiotic in corals and other organisms
cell wall made up of cellulose plates
‘blooms’ (60 million/liter) that are toxic to shellfish and the humans that eat shellfish
45
There are 3 major human infectious diseases: One of these is caused by an Alveolate - which of these diseases is it?
1. HIV
2. Tuberculosis
3. Malaria
Malaria
which is spread by mosquitos
46
Stramenopila
‘hairy’ flagellum
3 major groups:
1. Brown algae
2. Diatoms
3. Water molds
47
Stramenopiles (Diatoms)
unicellular or filamentous
distinctive flagellum with hollow hairs marine or freshwater
secrete top & bottom shells of silica
major component of sedimentary rock
used for filtration, insulation, metal polishing
48
Stramenopiles (includes brown algae)
‘seaweeds’ and kelp
49
Excavata
loss of mitochondria
Giardia Trypanosoma
1. - Chagas disease and sleeping sickness
unicellular
an excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell
‘loss of mitochondria’
50
Trypanosoma
Excavates
- Chagas disease and sleeping sickness
51
Amoebozoa:
* ameoboid form
* slime molds
* most unicellular, some multicellular
plasmodial slime mold form a large, web-like structure
- a single super cell with many nuclei in one cell
* move by ameoboid action - sliding
important decomposers in forests
*
52
Name taxa A - G:
name taxa a-f
53
Plantae
monophyletic goup that contains
one of the 6 basal eukaryote lineages
red algae
green algae
bryophytes
ferns and allies
seed plants
54
red algae
synaoimorphy: high levels of phycoerythin
can live at grester depths due to red pigment that absorbs blue and green light
secrete calcium carbonate --\> stabilizes coral reefs
55
green plants
synapomorphies:
* 2 kind of chlorophyl
* store photosynthetic products such as starch
*
56
green algae
part of green plants
* unicellular multicellular or colonial
* freshwater marine moist terrestrial habbits
* basal to land pants
* cause of pink snow due to the **red carotenoid pigments**
57
Stoneworts
part of green algae
* form beds on the bottom of lake
* freshwater algae
* multicellular
* gave rise to multicellular land plants
58
Non-vascular plants
liverworts
* Damp forest floors in dense mats
* cutiles some have pores some dont
* gemmae(asexual reproduction)
* no taller than 5-qo cm
* break off and form gamete (gemmae)
*
59
gemmae
small lens shaped outgrowth of the plant body each capable of developing into a new plant
60
61
land plants
3 major groups
1. live on land (land plants)
2. vascular tissu( vascular plants)
3. seeds( seed plants)
* survival in air
* cuticles-waxy prevents h20 loss
* stomata- gas exchange
* stay upright in air
* reproduce in air
* complex gametangia
* embryo retention
* alternation of generation
62
land plants major tranition
complex gametangia
gametangia are complex gamete producing structures
63
land plants major transitions
embryo retention
zygotes develope on the parent attatched and recives nourishment
64
Mosses
stomata- transport of nutrients
decaying moss in water forms peat bogs
65
land plants
vascular plants
snyapomorphies
* live on land
* vascular tissue
* lignin (stem/trunk)
* seeds
66
seedless vascular plants
ferns
have vascular tissue( water and nutrient transport) but do not make seeds
67
What are the synapomorphies for A, B, C and D?
68
# fill in tree
1. green algae
2. stoneworts
3. land plants
4. green plants
5. vascular plants
69
lable tree add synapomorphies
1. 2 kinds of chlorophyl
2. vascular tissue
3. complex gametangia
4. retention of embryo
5. cuticle pores
6. seeds
7. live on land
70
3 trends in plant evolution
Alternation of generations
sporophyte dominated life cycle
hetrospory
71
descent with modification
roots shoots and leaves
physiology size and shape facilate gathering light water and nutrients as well as withstanding phsical stress (desiccation hurricanes ect)
72
human reproduction
2 copies of eah chromosome
if chomosome is denoted by 'n"
then 2 copies denoted '2n'
1n egg + 1n sperm=2n zygote
73
meiosis
cell dicision that reduces the number ofchromosomes by half
2n--\>1n
gamets(2n) make egg(1n)and sperm1(n)
74
Mitosis
cell division that results in replicaton
1n--\>1n
2n--\>2n
75
2n cell is reduced to 1n through
meiosis
76
1n egg and 1n sperm unite to form a 2n
zygote
77
cell replicate (2n to more2n) throgh
mitosis
78
alternaton of generation
alternate as a 2n and 1n
half life as 2n half life 1n
79
gernerlized plant life cycle step 1
sporophyte makes 1n spores (2n to 1n)
80
generalized plant life cycle
stage 2
1n spores dividde by mitosis into gametophyte (1n)
81
generalized plant lyfe cycle
stage 3
gametophyte 1n produces gamets (1n)
82
generalized plant life cycle
stage 4
gamets (1n) unite to form 2n zygote- fertilization
83
generalized plant life cycle
stage 5`
zygote (2n) divided by mitosis to form a sporophyte(2n)
84
fill in the blanks
85
gametophyte
mosses horsetails
86
sporophyte
ferns are sporophyte dominant
87
where are plants gametophyte domanit
from liverworts to hornworts
88
WHERE ARE PLANTS SPOROPHYTE DOMINANT
FROM LYCOPHYTES TO ANGIOSPERM
89
advantage of sporophyte dominated life cycle
diploi cells can respond to vsrying environmental conditions beter than haploid
90
homosporus
non vascular plants and most seedless cascular plants
91
heterospory
producing two distinct types of spor-producing structures(male and female)
thus gametophytes of seed plants are either male or female but not both
92
seed plants
* produce seeds
* gymnosperms
* angiosperms
* synapomorphy:
* heterospory
* pollen
* seeds
*
93
5 lineages of seed plants
1. conifers(pine spruce firs redwoods)
2. cycads
3. gnetophytes
4. ginko
5. flowering plants
94
gymnosperms
naked seeds
contains 4 of 5
1. conifer
2. cycads
3. gnetophytes
4. ginko
5.
95
angiosperms 3 major synapomorphies
flowere-reproductive structure
fruit-berry that contains seed
vessel elements- transport food and watter
96
angiosperm Monocot
veins in ther leaves like grass and have one cotyledon
97
eudicots
two cotylendons and has brnaching veins in leaves
98
99
what is this orginizum and what is the function of the indicated part
Anabeana, a genus of cyanobacteria.
fixes carbon
100
give the shape and gram stain result
cocci
gram positive
103
There is substantial evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are remnants of once free-living bacteria that came to live in intimate contact with archaea; this is part of a theory termed the ______________ theory.
endosymbiotic
