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Ornithology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Shorebirds of North America flashcards
1
Q

“good genes” hypothesis

A

exaggerated male plumage and behavior (e.g. courtship displays) truthfully gauge genetic or physiological superiority.

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2
Q

the traits that evolve can be arbitrary, and evolve because non-random mating of females with a preference for a certain male trait (that might initially be favorable) mate with males with that trait, causing the alleles for preference and the alleles for the trait to become correlated – they tend to occur together in the same individuals.

A

“Arbitrary choice/runaway selection” hypothesis

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3
Q

cleidoic (amniotic) egg

A

“closed egg”

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4
Q

Karoo Robin

A

20% territories are occupied by cooperative groups consisting of the breeding pair and up to three helpers, generally male philopatric young from the previous breeding season. The helps tend to subsequently recruit as breeders on territories adjoining their natal territory.

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4
Q

yolk sac (vitelline membrane)

A

contains the yolk

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5
Q

enclosed by the testes, sperm produced from germinal epithelia (Sertoli cells)

A

seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

10% protein and 90% water, it constitutes 50 to 70% of egg mass

provides shock-absorbing cushion and temperature buffer

A

albumin (egg white)

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6
Q

black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos

A

sometimes parasitise each other’s nests (facultative brood parasitism)

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6
Q

outer portion that makes up most of the shell

A

shell Palisade layer

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7
Q

territory

A

a fixed area defended continuously for some period time (rivals discouraged and resource access exclusive)

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7
Q

a female pair bonds with several males, and the males in turn pair bond with several females. This system is exhibited by flightless ratites and a few other weird species. Males incubate mixed clutches of eggs.

A

Polygynandry

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8
Q

passage for egg from ovary to oviduct; site of fertilization

A

infundibulum

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9
Q

brief sexual relationships with no pair bonds. Males play no role in nesting or raising young. Second most common system next to monogamy

A

Promiscuity

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10
Q

amnion

A

surrounds the embryo which floats in fluid consisting of water and salts

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11
Q

Polyandry

A

the type of polygamy where a female pair bonds with several males. Males incubate the eggs.

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12
Q

surrounds the embryo which floats in fluid consisting of water and salts

A

amnion

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13
Q

intraspecific brood parasitism birds

A

ostrich, grebes, gulls, gallinaceous birds, pigeons and doves, and songbird

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14
Q

constrained female hypothesis

A

1) Females gain from Extra Pair Paternity (EPP)
2) Females risk abandonment if they are suspected of Extra Pair Copulations (EPC)
3) But male provisioning is less important in a resource rich environment
4) If the environment is rich in resources, then females will engage in EPCs

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15
Q

exaggerated male plumage and behavior (e.g. courtship displays) truthfully gauge genetic or physiological superiority.

A

“good genes” hypothesis

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15
Q

on very outside of shell, protects against microorganisms

A

protein cuticle

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16
Q

20% territories are occupied by cooperative groups consisting of the breeding pair and up to three helpers, generally male philopatric young from the previous breeding season. The helps tend to subsequently recruit as breeders on territories adjoining their natal territory.

A

Karoo Robin

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17
Q

cloacal phallus

A

erectil penis-like structure formed from the ventral wall of the cloaca in most waterfowl, tinamous, curassows, and ostriches

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17
Q

a protective membrane that surrounds all embryonic structures

A

chorion

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19
Q

“Arbitrary choice/runaway selection” hypothesis

A

the traits that evolve can be arbitrary, and evolve because non-random mating of females with a preference for a certain male trait (that might initially be favorable) mate with males with that trait, causing the alleles for preference and the alleles for the trait to become correlated – they tend to occur together in the same individuals.

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19
Q

shell Palisade layer

A

outer portion that makes up most of the shell

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19
Q

Promiscuity

A

brief sexual relationships with no pair bonds. Males play no role in nesting or raising young. Second most common system next to monogamy

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19
Q

has basal protuberances that adhere to the shell membrane

A

shell Inner cone layer

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20
Q

allantoic sac (allantois)

A

involved in both respiration and excretion, and increases in size as development proceeds

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21
Q

engage in Polygynandry (

A

flightless ratites & Bicknell’s thrush

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21
Q

location of sperm-storage tubules

A

utervaginal junction

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22
Q

larger white forehead patches=more dominant

size following year inversely correlated with # young raised previous year

A

collared flycatcher

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23
Q

maintained by birds to reduce hostile interactions and increase foraging efficiency

A

individual space

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25
Q

collared flycatcher

A

larger white forehead patches=more dominant

size following year inversely correlated with # young raised previous year

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26
Q

Leks

A

males gather in specific locations to display for females

27
Q

In general, males can increase their reproductive success with increased matings where as females are limited in the number of progeny they can produce.

A

Bateman’s principle

28
Q

describes numerical dominance of sperm of 2nd insemination

A

passive sperm loss model

29
Q

capercali

A

territorial grouse in Scotland

31
Q

the type of polygamy where a male pair bonds with two or more females. This is a sustained association which differentiates it from promiscuity.

A

Polygyny

32
Q

protein cuticle

A

on very outside of shell, protects against microorganisms

33
Q

1) Females gain from Extra Pair Paternity (EPP)
2) Females risk abandonment if they are suspected of Extra Pair Copulations (EPC)
3) But male provisioning is less important in a resource rich environment
4) If the environment is rich in resources, then females will engage in EPCs

A

constrained female hypothesis

35
Q

white-backed mousebird

A

suspected of having a clan-type social system whereby several breeding pairs (with or without helpers) together form a social flock occupying a defined home-range during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons. This species, which feeds solely on fruit, flowers, and leaves, is not territorial. Several clutches of eggs can be laid in the same nest, possibly by more than one female

36
Q

sometimes parasitise each other’s nests (facultative brood parasitism)

A

black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos

36
Q

involved in both respiration and excretion, and increases in size as development proceeds

A

allantoic sac (allantois)

38
Q

red-billed queleas

A

female bill color controlled by estrogen

39
Q

males gather in specific locations to display for females

A

Leks

39
Q

participate in cooperative breeding (parental care is provided by “helpers” in addition to the parents)

A

florida scrub-jay & gray-crowned warbler

40
Q

white-fronted bee-eaters

A

close relatives are more likely to be helpers since it increases their inclusive reproductive fitness

41
Q

suspected of having a clan-type social system whereby several breeding pairs (with or without helpers) together form a social flock occupying a defined home-range during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons. This species, which feeds solely on fruit, flowers, and leaves, is not territorial. Several clutches of eggs can be laid in the same nest, possibly by more than one female

A

white-backed mousebird

42
Q

the type of polygamy where a female pair bonds with several males. Males incubate the eggs.

A

Polyandry

43
Q

adds external shell, albumins, and pigments

A

uterus

45
Q

don’t appear to exhibit extra-pair copulation

A

willow warblers & wood warblers

47
Q

Leydig cells

A

packed between seminiferous tubules, secrete testosterone

48
Q

chorion

A

a protective membrane that surrounds all embryonic structures

49
Q

packed between seminiferous tubules, secrete testosterone

A

Leydig cells

51
Q

magnum

A

1/3 down oviduct, adds albumin to egg (egg white production)

53
Q

Pied babblers

A

obligate cooperative breeders that live in groups of 3-14 adults which occupy and defend territories year-round

53
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

enclosed by the testes, sperm produced & testosterone secreted from germinal epithelia (Sertoli cells)

54
Q

Polygyny

A

the type of polygamy where a male pair bonds with two or more females. This is a sustained association which differentiates it from promiscuity.

55
Q

shell Inner cone layer

A

has basal protuberances that adhere to the shell membrane

57
Q

uterus

A

adds external shell, albumins, and pigments

59
Q

Polygynandry

A

a female pair bonds with several males, and the males in turn pair bond with several females. This system is exhibited by flightless ratites and a few other weird species. Males incubate mixed clutches of eggs.

60
Q

florida scrub-jay & gray-crowned warbler

A

participate in cooperative breeding (parental care is provided by “helpers” in addition to the parents)

60
Q

albumin (egg white)

A

10% protein and 90% water, it constitutes 50 to 70% of egg mass

provides shock-absorbing cushion and temperature buffer

61
Q

Bateman’s principle

A

In general, males can increase their reproductive success with increased matings where as females are limited in the number of progeny they can produce.

62
Q

flightless ratites & Bicknell’s thrush

A

engage in Polygynandry (

63
Q

“closed egg”

A

cleidoic (amniotic) egg

65
Q

isthmus

A

2/3 way down oviduct; adds inner membrane, outer shell membrane, albumen, and keratin fibers

66
Q

1/3 down oviduct, adds albumin to egg (egg white production)

A

magnum

68
Q

obligate cooperative breeders that live in groups of 3-14 adults which occupy and defend territories year-round

A

Pied babblers

69
Q

“chorioallantois”

A

site of gas exchange in an egg where the chorion and allantoic sac press close together

70
Q

contains the yolk

A

yolk sac (vitelline membrane)

71
Q

utervaginal junction

A

location of sperm-storage tubules

73
Q

passive sperm loss model

A

describes numerical dominance of sperm of 2nd insemination

74
Q

ostrich, grebes, gulls, gallinaceous birds, pigeons and doves, and songbird

A

intraspecific brood parasitism birds

75
Q

close relatives are more likely to be helpers since it increases their inclusive reproductive fitness

A

white-fronted bee-eaters

76
Q

erectil penis-like structure formed from the ventral wall of the cloaca in most waterfowl, tinamous, curassows, and ostriches

A

cloacal phallus

77
Q

infundibulum

A

passage for egg from ovary to oviduct; site of fertilization

78
Q

a fixed area defended continuously for some period time (rivals discouraged and resource access exclusive)

A

territory

79
Q

willow warblers & wood warblers

A

don’t appear to exhibit extra-pair copulation

80
Q

2/3 way down oviduct; adds inner membrane, outer shell membrane, albumen, and keratin fibers

A

isthmus

81
Q

site of gas exchange in an egg where the chorion and allantoic sac press close together

A

“chorioallantois”

82
Q

individual space

A

maintained by birds to reduce hostile interactions and increase foraging efficiency

83
Q

territorial grouse in Scotland

A

capercali

84
Q

female bill color controlled by estrogen

A

red-billed queleas

Ornithology (11 decks)

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