Exam 3 Flashcards
“good genes” hypothesis
exaggerated male plumage and behavior (e.g. courtship displays) truthfully gauge genetic or physiological superiority.
the traits that evolve can be arbitrary, and evolve because non-random mating of females with a preference for a certain male trait (that might initially be favorable) mate with males with that trait, causing the alleles for preference and the alleles for the trait to become correlated – they tend to occur together in the same individuals.
“Arbitrary choice/runaway selection” hypothesis
cleidoic (amniotic) egg
“closed egg”
Karoo Robin
20% territories are occupied by cooperative groups consisting of the breeding pair and up to three helpers, generally male philopatric young from the previous breeding season. The helps tend to subsequently recruit as breeders on territories adjoining their natal territory.
yolk sac (vitelline membrane)
contains the yolk
enclosed by the testes, sperm produced from germinal epithelia (Sertoli cells)
seminiferous tubules
10% protein and 90% water, it constitutes 50 to 70% of egg mass
provides shock-absorbing cushion and temperature buffer
albumin (egg white)
black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos
sometimes parasitise each other’s nests (facultative brood parasitism)
outer portion that makes up most of the shell
shell Palisade layer
territory
a fixed area defended continuously for some period time (rivals discouraged and resource access exclusive)
a female pair bonds with several males, and the males in turn pair bond with several females. This system is exhibited by flightless ratites and a few other weird species. Males incubate mixed clutches of eggs.
Polygynandry
passage for egg from ovary to oviduct; site of fertilization
infundibulum
brief sexual relationships with no pair bonds. Males play no role in nesting or raising young. Second most common system next to monogamy
Promiscuity
amnion
surrounds the embryo which floats in fluid consisting of water and salts
Polyandry
the type of polygamy where a female pair bonds with several males. Males incubate the eggs.
surrounds the embryo which floats in fluid consisting of water and salts
amnion
intraspecific brood parasitism birds
ostrich, grebes, gulls, gallinaceous birds, pigeons and doves, and songbird
constrained female hypothesis
1) Females gain from Extra Pair Paternity (EPP)
2) Females risk abandonment if they are suspected of Extra Pair Copulations (EPC)
3) But male provisioning is less important in a resource rich environment
4) If the environment is rich in resources, then females will engage in EPCs
exaggerated male plumage and behavior (e.g. courtship displays) truthfully gauge genetic or physiological superiority.
“good genes” hypothesis
on very outside of shell, protects against microorganisms
protein cuticle
20% territories are occupied by cooperative groups consisting of the breeding pair and up to three helpers, generally male philopatric young from the previous breeding season. The helps tend to subsequently recruit as breeders on territories adjoining their natal territory.
Karoo Robin
cloacal phallus
erectil penis-like structure formed from the ventral wall of the cloaca in most waterfowl, tinamous, curassows, and ostriches
a protective membrane that surrounds all embryonic structures
chorion
“Arbitrary choice/runaway selection” hypothesis
the traits that evolve can be arbitrary, and evolve because non-random mating of females with a preference for a certain male trait (that might initially be favorable) mate with males with that trait, causing the alleles for preference and the alleles for the trait to become correlated – they tend to occur together in the same individuals.
shell Palisade layer
outer portion that makes up most of the shell
Promiscuity
brief sexual relationships with no pair bonds. Males play no role in nesting or raising young. Second most common system next to monogamy
has basal protuberances that adhere to the shell membrane
shell Inner cone layer
allantoic sac (allantois)
involved in both respiration and excretion, and increases in size as development proceeds
engage in Polygynandry (
flightless ratites & Bicknell’s thrush
location of sperm-storage tubules
utervaginal junction
larger white forehead patches=more dominant
size following year inversely correlated with # young raised previous year
collared flycatcher
maintained by birds to reduce hostile interactions and increase foraging efficiency
individual space
collared flycatcher
larger white forehead patches=more dominant
size following year inversely correlated with # young raised previous year
Leks
males gather in specific locations to display for females
In general, males can increase their reproductive success with increased matings where as females are limited in the number of progeny they can produce.
Bateman’s principle
describes numerical dominance of sperm of 2nd insemination
passive sperm loss model
capercali
territorial grouse in Scotland
the type of polygamy where a male pair bonds with two or more females. This is a sustained association which differentiates it from promiscuity.
Polygyny
protein cuticle
on very outside of shell, protects against microorganisms
1) Females gain from Extra Pair Paternity (EPP)
2) Females risk abandonment if they are suspected of Extra Pair Copulations (EPC)
3) But male provisioning is less important in a resource rich environment
4) If the environment is rich in resources, then females will engage in EPCs
constrained female hypothesis
white-backed mousebird
suspected of having a clan-type social system whereby several breeding pairs (with or without helpers) together form a social flock occupying a defined home-range during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons. This species, which feeds solely on fruit, flowers, and leaves, is not territorial. Several clutches of eggs can be laid in the same nest, possibly by more than one female
sometimes parasitise each other’s nests (facultative brood parasitism)
black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos
involved in both respiration and excretion, and increases in size as development proceeds
allantoic sac (allantois)
red-billed queleas
female bill color controlled by estrogen
males gather in specific locations to display for females
Leks
participate in cooperative breeding (parental care is provided by “helpers” in addition to the parents)
florida scrub-jay & gray-crowned warbler
white-fronted bee-eaters
close relatives are more likely to be helpers since it increases their inclusive reproductive fitness
suspected of having a clan-type social system whereby several breeding pairs (with or without helpers) together form a social flock occupying a defined home-range during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons. This species, which feeds solely on fruit, flowers, and leaves, is not territorial. Several clutches of eggs can be laid in the same nest, possibly by more than one female
white-backed mousebird
the type of polygamy where a female pair bonds with several males. Males incubate the eggs.
Polyandry
adds external shell, albumins, and pigments
uterus
don’t appear to exhibit extra-pair copulation
willow warblers & wood warblers
Leydig cells
packed between seminiferous tubules, secrete testosterone
chorion
a protective membrane that surrounds all embryonic structures
packed between seminiferous tubules, secrete testosterone
Leydig cells
magnum
1/3 down oviduct, adds albumin to egg (egg white production)
Pied babblers
obligate cooperative breeders that live in groups of 3-14 adults which occupy and defend territories year-round
seminiferous tubules
enclosed by the testes, sperm produced & testosterone secreted from germinal epithelia (Sertoli cells)
Polygyny
the type of polygamy where a male pair bonds with two or more females. This is a sustained association which differentiates it from promiscuity.
shell Inner cone layer
has basal protuberances that adhere to the shell membrane
uterus
adds external shell, albumins, and pigments
Polygynandry
a female pair bonds with several males, and the males in turn pair bond with several females. This system is exhibited by flightless ratites and a few other weird species. Males incubate mixed clutches of eggs.
florida scrub-jay & gray-crowned warbler
participate in cooperative breeding (parental care is provided by “helpers” in addition to the parents)
albumin (egg white)
10% protein and 90% water, it constitutes 50 to 70% of egg mass
provides shock-absorbing cushion and temperature buffer
Bateman’s principle
In general, males can increase their reproductive success with increased matings where as females are limited in the number of progeny they can produce.
flightless ratites & Bicknell’s thrush
engage in Polygynandry (
“closed egg”
cleidoic (amniotic) egg
isthmus
2/3 way down oviduct; adds inner membrane, outer shell membrane, albumen, and keratin fibers
1/3 down oviduct, adds albumin to egg (egg white production)
magnum
obligate cooperative breeders that live in groups of 3-14 adults which occupy and defend territories year-round
Pied babblers
“chorioallantois”
site of gas exchange in an egg where the chorion and allantoic sac press close together
contains the yolk
yolk sac (vitelline membrane)
utervaginal junction
location of sperm-storage tubules
passive sperm loss model
describes numerical dominance of sperm of 2nd insemination
ostrich, grebes, gulls, gallinaceous birds, pigeons and doves, and songbird
intraspecific brood parasitism birds
close relatives are more likely to be helpers since it increases their inclusive reproductive fitness
white-fronted bee-eaters
erectil penis-like structure formed from the ventral wall of the cloaca in most waterfowl, tinamous, curassows, and ostriches
cloacal phallus
infundibulum
passage for egg from ovary to oviduct; site of fertilization
a fixed area defended continuously for some period time (rivals discouraged and resource access exclusive)
territory
willow warblers & wood warblers
don’t appear to exhibit extra-pair copulation
2/3 way down oviduct; adds inner membrane, outer shell membrane, albumen, and keratin fibers
isthmus
site of gas exchange in an egg where the chorion and allantoic sac press close together
“chorioallantois”
individual space
maintained by birds to reduce hostile interactions and increase foraging efficiency
territorial grouse in Scotland
capercali
female bill color controlled by estrogen
red-billed queleas
