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Ornithology > Chapter 6: Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

resting heart rate

stroke volume

systolic blood pressure

A

150-350bpm

100-200ml/kg*min

300-400mmHg

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1
Q

exhibit brief shallow topor bouts following their nighttime activity period

A

Smit & KcKechnie (African scops-owls)

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2
Q

long (e.g. x2?) vs short (e.g. x2?)

A

bill is longer/shorter than head

hummingbird & American Woodcock vs Carolina Chickadee & Tufted Titmouse

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2
Q

esophagus

because produces pigeon milk

A

muscular structure that conducts food from oral cavity to crop (pigions special because…?)

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2
Q

intestine

shorter vs longer

A

functions in absorption, ranging 3-20 (~9) times body length

carnivores vs seed/plant eaters?

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2
Q

depolarization speading toward apex (down and left)

initial activation of endocardium surrounding apex of left ventricle in downward direction

rapid depolarization of the ventricle

A

P wave, R wave, S wave

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3
Q

the bill has pronounced hump (i.e. black scooter)

A

Gibbous (i.e.?)

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4
Q

nuthatches, kinglets, inca doves (pyramid), penguins

A

communal roosting (who uses)

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4
Q

sides of madibles are convex (i.e. tanager)

A

swollen (i.e.?)

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5
Q

terete (i.e.?)

A

bill is generally circular either in cross-section or when viewed anteriorly (i.e. hummingbird)

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6
Q

Second exhalation

A

air moves from anterior air sacs back into the trachea & out

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7
Q

crossed (i.e.?)

A

mandible tips cross each other (i.e. crossbill)

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7
Q

conical (i.e. x2?)

A

bill has shape of cone (i.e. sparrows and finches)

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7
Q

niche partitioning

A

birds in similar feeding roles exhibit diversified bill structure (not well-supported)

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7
Q
  1. upper mandible (maxilla)
  2. lower mandible (dentary)
  3. jaw muscles
  4. rhamphotheca (horny sheath)
A

4 parts of the bill

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7
Q

bill tapers to a point (i.e. warblers)

A

acute (i.e.)

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8
Q

Gibbous (i.e.?)

A

the bill has pronounced hump (i.e. black scooter)

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9
Q

cutaneous evaporation (CEWL) (x2)

A

important for dissipating heat; can account for more than half total evaporative water loss

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10
Q

communcal roosting (who uses)

A

nuthatches, kinglets, inca doves (pyramid), penguins

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10
Q

bill is longer/shorter than head

hummingbird & American Woodcock vs Carolina Chickadee & Tufted Titmouse

A

long (e.g. x2?) vs short (e.g. x2?)

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11
Q

air sacs & no dead space

A

unique to avian lung (x2)

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12
Q

body size within species is larger in cold climates

why?

A

Bergmann’s rule

thermoregulation will be energetically less expensive for a larger organism (surface-to-volume ratio)

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13
Q

bill is deflected at an angle (i.e. flamingo)

A

bent (i.e.?)

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14
Q

rest vs active (stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output)

A

1.7-1.59 (6.5%), 115-670 (583%), 195.5-1065 (545%)

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15
Q

recurved (e.g. x2)

A

bill curves upward (godwit & American Avocet)

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15
Q

dropping their sternum (with diaphragm)

A

how do birds inhale? (mammals?)

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16
Q

air moves from anterior air sacs back into the trachea & out

A

Second exhalation

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18
Q

Smit & KcKechnie (African scops-owls)

A

exhibit brief shallow topor bouts following their nighttime activity period

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18
Q

chin, gular region, and jugulum (lower throat) are distended (i.e. pelican & cormorant)

A

gular sac (i.e. x2?)

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19
Q

bill wider/depressed towards tip (i.e. northern shoveler & Roseate spoonbill)

A

spatulate/spoon-shaped (e.g. x2?)

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20
Q

stout (i.e. x2?)

A

bill is conspicuously high and wide (i.e. grouse & partridge)

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20
Q

bill curves upward (godwit & American Avocet)

A

recurved (e.g. x2)

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21
Q

bill has shape of cone (i.e. sparrows and finches)

A

conical (i.e. x2?)

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22
Q

2 chambers: anterior glandular proventriculus and posterior muscular gizzard (ventriculus)

proventriculus?

gizzard?

A

stomach

morst developed in carnivorous species; secrets acids and digestive enzymes

used for grinding food

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24
Q

decurved (x2)

A

bill curves downward (long-billed curlew & brown creeper)

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24
Q

50-60%

A

O2 extraction rate

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25
Q

coevolution

A

bill structure co-adapts with food sourse morphology (i.e. hummingbirds and flowers)

26
Q

shows endothermic reponse to temperature

TNZ (thermal neutral zone), BMR (basal metabolic rate), LCT (lower critical temperature), UCT (upper critical temperature), Tb (body temperature)

rate of heat loss (determined by?)

A

scholander curve + categories (x5)

slope=?

insulation

27
Q

mandible tips cross each other (i.e. crossbill)

A

crossed (i.e.?)

28
Q

150-350bpm

100-200ml/kg*min

300-400mmHg

A

resting heart rate

stroke volume

systolic blood pressure

30
Q

scholander curve + categories (x5)

slope=?

insulation

A

shows endothermic reponse to temperature

TNZ (thermal neutral zone), BMR (basal metabolic rate), LCT (lower critical temperature), UCT (upper critical temperature), Tb (body temperature)

rate of heat loss (determined by?)

31
Q

Bergmann’s rule

thermoregulation will be energetically less expensive for a larger organism (surface-to-volume ratio)

A

body size within species is larger in cold climates

why?

33
Q

swollen (i.e.?)

A

sides of madibles are convex (i.e. tanager)

34
Q

crop (x2)

A

expanded portion of the esophagus functioning like mammalian stomach

stores, softens, and regulates food flow through digestive tract

35
Q

straight (e.g.?) vs hooked (x2)

A

line along mandibles close is line with axis of head (e.g. GBH) vs uppder mandible longer than lower w/ tip bent over lower tip (e.g. hawk & parrot)

36
Q

air moves from lungs & into anterior (front/cranial) air sacs

A

second inhalation

36
Q

bill is conspicuously hgih and wide (i.e. grouse & partridge)

A

stout (i.e. x2?)

37
Q

small side sacs coming off intestine that aid in digestion of plant material

largest in?

A

Ceca (cattle=rumen)

chickens and ostriches

39
Q

stomach

morst developed in carnivorous species; secrets acids and digestive enzymes

used for grinding food

A

2 chambers: anterior glandular proventriculus and posterior muscular gizzard (ventriculus)

proventriculus?

gizzard?

41
Q

First exhalation

A

air moves from posterior air sacs into lungs

42
Q

unique to avian lung (x2)

A

air sacs & no dead space

43
Q

used in cooling (respiration or across skin)

inhanced by?

A

evaporation

by panting or gular flutter (feathers erect, exposing skin)

43
Q

commissure forms angle at bill corner (Cardinal family)

A

angulated commissure (i.e.)

45
Q

3 bronchi called?

A

dorso, ventro, and para bronchi

46
Q

angulated commissure (i.e.)

A

commissure forms angle at bill corner (Cardinal family)

48
Q

how do birds inhale? (mammals?)

A

dropping their sternum (with diaphragm)

48
Q

important for dissipating heat; can account for more than half total evaporative water loss

A

cutaneous evaporation (CEWL)

50
Q

spatulate/spood-shaped (e.g. x2?)

A

bill wider/depressed towards tip (i.e. northern shoveler & Roseate spoonbill)

52
Q

Ceca (cattle=rumen)

chickens and ostriches

A

small side sacs coming off intestine that aid in digestion of plant material

largest in?

53
Q

contains taste buds, salivary glands, and tongue

A

oral cavity

55
Q

air flows through trachea & bronchi & primarily into posterior (rear/caudal) air sacs

A

First inhalation

57
Q

lowest metabolism organism can experience (sleep)

A

basal metabolism

58
Q

uppder mandible can flex

most flex here? some can flex here?

A

cranial kinesis

nasofrontal hinge; dorsal ridge

59
Q

O2 extraction rate

A

50-60%

60
Q

chisel-like (i.e.?)

A

bill tip is beveled (i.e. woodpeckers)

61
Q

birds in similar feeding roles exhibit diversified bill structure (not well-supported)

A

niche partitioning

62
Q

bill is higher than wide (i.e. puffin & kingfisher)

A

compressed (i.e. x2)

63
Q

First inhalation

A

air flows through trachea & bronchi & primarily into posterior (rear/caudal) air sacs

65
Q

Thermoregulation methods (x10)

A

evaporation, CEWL, feet, gullar flutter, panting, selecting environment, body posture, communal roosting, increase insulation, increase summit metabolism

67
Q

P wave, R wave, S wave

A

depolarization speading toward apex (down and left)

initial activation of endocardium surrounding apex of left ventricle in downward direction

rapid depolarization of the ventricle

68
Q

oral cavity

A

contains taste buds, salivary glands, and tongue

69
Q

bill tip is beveled (i.e. woodpeckers)

A

chisel-like (i.e.?)

70
Q

expanded portion of the esophagus functioning like mammalian stomach

stores, softens, and regulates food flow through digestive tract

A

crop (x2)

72
Q

basal metabolism

A

lowest metabolism organism can experience (sleep)

73
Q

compressed (i.e. x2)

A

bill is higher than wide (i.e. puffin & kingfisher)

75
Q

evaporation

by panting or gular flutter (feathers erect, exposing skin)

A

used in cooling (respiration or across skin)

inhanced by?

76
Q

cranial kinesis

nasofrontal hinge; dorsal ridge

A

uppder mandible can flex

most flex here? some can flex here?

77
Q

4 parts of the bill

A
  1. upper mandible (maxilla)
  2. lower mandible (dentary)
  3. jaw muscles
  4. rhamphotheca (horny sheath)
78
Q

line along mandibles close is line with axis of head (e.g. GBH) vs uppder mandible longer than lower w/ tip bent over lower tip (e.g. hawk & parrot)

A

straight (e.g.?) vs hooked (x2)

79
Q

acute (i.e.)

A

bill tapers to a point (i.e. warblers)

80
Q

1.7-1.59, 115-670, 195.5-1065

A

rest vs active (stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output)

81
Q

bill curves downward (long-billed curlew & brown creeper)

A

decurved (x2)

82
Q

bent (i.e.?)

A

bill is deflected at an angle (i.e. flamingo)

84
Q

evaporation, CEWL, feet, gullar flutter, panting, selecting environment, body posture, communal roosting, increase insulation, increase summit metabolism

A

Thermoregulation methods (x10)

85
Q

muscular structure that conducts food from oral cavity to crop (pigions special because…?)

A

esophagus

because produces pigeon milk

86
Q

second inhalation

A

air moves from lungs & into anterior (front/cranial) air sacs

87
Q

bill structure co-adapts with food sourse morphology (i.e. hummingbirds and flowers)

A

coevolution

88
Q

air moves from posterior air sacs into lungs

A

First exhalation

89
Q

dorso, ventro, and para bronchi

A

3 bronchi called?

90
Q

bill is generally circular either in cross-section or when viewed anteriorly (i.e. hummingbird)

A

terete (i.e. hummingbird)

91
Q

gular sac (i.e. x2?)

A

chin, gular region, and jugulum (lower throat) are distended (i.e. pelican & cormorant)

92
Q

functions in absorption, ranging 3-20 (~9) times body length

carnivores vs seed/plant eaters?

A

intestine

shorter vs longer

Ornithology (11 decks)

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