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Ornithology > Chapter 5: Flight > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Flight Flashcards

1
Q

alula

A

formed from 3 small feathers; creates slot at wing front, forcing airflow down & reducing turbulence

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2
Q

caused by turbulence around the wing that disrupts the lift-producing air stream; decreases with air speed; also reduced with increased wing length

i.e. tip vortices produced during downstroke (air flowing from bottom to top of wing); reduced with flap frequency

A

induced drag (overcome by induced power)

(i.e.)

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4
Q

*provide quick, powerful bursts

*most energy produced anaerobically

*dominate flight muscles of gallinaceous birds (e.g. grouse, fowl, quail, etc.)

A

white (glycolytic) fibers

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5
Q

High-speed wings (falcons, swifts, swallows, terns, diving ducks, and many shorebirds)

A

*tapered, pointed, often swept back

*tips not slotted; wings w/ high aspect ratio

*energetically expensive because the birds must flap constantly to generate enough speed to produce sufficient lift

*birds feed on wing and/or migrate long distances

*efficient lift generation has been traded for speed and control

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6
Q

wings shaped like airfoil, divides airflow above and below wing

flow above is constricted and so flows at higher velocity, resulting in increased dynamic pressure and decreased static pressure

b/c static pressure above wing is lower than below (doesn’t change below), upward lift force is generated

A

basis for lift production

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6
Q

formed from 3 small feathers; creates slot at wing front, forcing airflow down & reducing turbulence

A

alula

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7
Q

white (glycolytic) fibers

A

*provide quick, powerful bursts

*most energy produced anaerobically

*dominate flight muscles of gallinaceous birds (e.g. grouse, fowl, quail, etc.)

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7
Q

*tapered, pointed, often swept back

*tips not slotted; wings w/ high aspect ratio

*energetically expensive because the birds must flap constantly to generate enough speed to produce sufficient lift

*birds feed on wing and/or migrate long distances

*efficient lift generation has been traded for speed and control

A

High-speed wings (falcons, swifts, swallows, terns, diving ducks, and many shorebirds)

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8
Q

produced to overcome drag; moves a bird forward & only produced during flapping flight

A

thrust (propulsion)

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9
Q
  1. fusion of lightweight bones and reinforcement with internal struts
  2. lightweight bill replacing heavy, bulky jaw/teeth
  3. keeled sternum to support large flight muscles
  4. dorsal and ventral ribs fully ossified to strengthen connection between backbone and sternum
  5. rib cage reinforced by uncinate processes
A

flight adaptations (x5)

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9
Q

length (span) / width (1.5-18)

A

aspect ratio

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10
Q

characteristic of many small birds, dabbling ducks, grouse, and quail

characteristic of albatross, alcids, loons, and diving ducks

A

low wing loading

high wing loading

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11
Q

pectoralis

supracoracoideus

A

used for down (power) stroke

used for up (recovery) stroke (12% hummingbird mass)

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12
Q

basis for lift production

A

wings shaped like airfoil, divides airflow above and below wing

flow above is constricted and so flows at higher velocity, resulting in increased dynamic pressure and decreased static pressure

b/c static pressure above wing is lower than below (doesn’t change below), upward lift force is generated

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13
Q

lift VS lift & thrust

A

inner wing VS outer wing

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14
Q

long narrow wings features

A
  1. produce more lift b/c of longer leading edge
  2. increase distance between turbulence points
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14
Q

form triangular system of struts resisting pressure generated during wing strokes

fused to reduce weight/add rigidity; modified to allow radical angle changes needed for takeoff, landing, and flight

A

FLIGHT ADAPTATIONS

Scapula, coracoid, and furcula (clavical)

forelimb; joints

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15
Q

dynamic pressure

A

the pressure of movement (you feel this when wind blows against your face)

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15
Q

*provide sustained power

*relay on aerobic energy (ATP production)

*e.g. sparrows and hummingbirds

A

red (oxidative) fibers

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16
Q

Hummingbirds have:

A

a short humerus and forearm, and an inflexible wrist joint

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17
Q

induced drag (overcome by induced power)

(i.e.)

A

caused by turbulence around the wing that disrupts the lift-producing air stream; decreases with air speed; also reduced with increased wing length

i.e. tip vortices produced during downstroke (air flowing from bottom to top of wing); reduced with flap frequency

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18
Q

max range speed

A

travel furthest for least amount of fuel

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18
Q
  1. produce more lift b/c of longer leading edge
  2. increase distance between turbulence points
A

long narrow wings features

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19
Q

determines amount of lift produced

greater angle=more lift to certain point

A

angle of attack

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20
Q

profile drag (overcome with profile power)

A

caused by friction between the air and the bird’s body; overcome by long narrow wings; increases with air speed

20
Q

*occurs on columns of rising air that result from the differential heating of land surfaces

*used to hunt for food or travel cross country, jumping from thermal to thermal

A

static soaring: thermal soaring

21
Q

static pressure

A

the force produced by random motion of molecules in all directions (this is what you feel when you squeeze a balloon)

23
Q

low wing loading

high wing loading

A

characteristic of many small birds, dabbling ducks, grouse, and quail

characteristic of albatross, alcids, loons, and diving ducks

24
Q

*broad with prominant slotting

*intermediate aspect ratio (eliptical vs high-speed)

*engage in static soaring w/ rising air masses

*reduced wing loading for carrying prey

*allow for slow flight speed so bird can turn tight spirals

A

slotted high-lift wings (soaring birds)

26
Q

minimum power speed

A

flight cost=lowest

26
Q

used by birds with high aspect ratio; dependent on wing speed being slower near water than higher up (birds swerve back and forth perpendicular to wind)

A

dynamic soaring

28
Q

wing loading

  1. myotic nigricans
  2. molassus sinaloae
  3. ruby-throated hummingbird
  4. canada goose
A

*ratio of weight carried per unit area of wing (g/cm2)

*wing area must increase 1.5 x’s for each unit increase in mass

  1. .062
  2. .179
  3. .242
  4. 2.007
28
Q

*help control airflow over wing so some lift can be maintained at slow speeds and high angles of attack

*reduces tip vortices and induced drag

29
Q
A
  1. airstream
  2. angle of attack
  3. leading edge
  4. lift
  5. resultant force
  6. drag
  7. trailing edge
  8. chord
31
Q

slotted high-lift wings (soaring birds)

A

*broad with prominant slotting

*intermediate aspect ratio (eliptical vs high-speed)

*engage in static soaring w/ rising air masses

*reduced wing loading for carrying prey

*allow for slow flight speed so bird can turn tight spirals

32
Q

*traded the aerodynamic advantages of long wings for the maneuverability of short broad wings

*increased turbulence created by the broad tips is somewhat reduced by slotting

*produces less lift, but reduces wing loading, resulting in slower flight

*Birds with this wing shape often live in thick vegetation (Forest hawks (e.g. Sharp-shinned) have broader wings than their open-country counterparts)

A

elliptical wings (songbirds, crows, grouse, and quail)

34
Q

static soaring: slope soaring

A

*occurs when wind is deflected upward by a hill or ridge

*often results in concentrations of migrating hawks in areas where this phenomena is common

35
Q

red (oxidative) fibers

A

*provide sustained power

*relay on aerobic energy (ATP production)

*e.g. sparrows and hummingbirds

36
Q

angle of attack

A

determines amount of lift produced

greater angle=more lift to certain point

37
Q

the pressure of movement (you feel this when wind blows against your face)

A

dynamic pressure

38
Q

elliptical wings (songbirds, crows, grouse, and quail)

A

*traded the aerodynamic advantages of long wings for the maneuverability of short broad wings

*increased turbulence created by the broad tips is somewhat reduced by slotting

*produces less lift, but reduces wing loading, resulting in slower flight

*Birds with this wing shape often live in thick vegetation (Forest hawks (e.g. Sharp-shinned) have broader wings than their open-country counterparts)

40
Q

dynamic soaring

A

used by birds with high aspect ratio; dependent on wing speed being slower near water than higher up (birds swerve back and forth perpendicular to wind)

41
Q

the force produced by random motion of molecules in all directions (this is what you feel when you squeeze a balloon)

A

static pressure

42
Q

static soaring: thermal soaring

A

*occurs on columns of rising air that result from the differential heating of land surfaces

*used to hunt for food or travel cross country, jumping from thermal to thermal

43
Q

any force reducing lift

44
Q

states that static and dynamic pressure must always add up to a constant (i.e. when one increases the other must decrease)

A

Bernoulli’s law

46
Q

drag

A

any force reducing lift

47
Q

*occurs when wind is deflected upward by a hill or ridge

*often results in concentrations of migrating hawks in areas where this phenomena is common

A

static soaring: slope soaring

48
Q

flight adaptations (x5)

A
  1. fusion of lightweight bones and reinforcement with internal struts
  2. lightweight bill replacing heavy, bulky jaw/teeth
  3. keeled sternum to support large flight muscles
  4. dorsal and ventral ribs fully ossified to strengthen connection between backbone and sternum
  5. rib cage reinforced by uncinate processes
49
Q

aspect ratio

A

length (span) / width (1.5-18)

50
Q

used for down (power) stroke

used for up (recovery) stroke (12% hummingbird mass)

A

pectoralis

supracoracoideus

51
Q

travel furthest for least amount of fuel

A

max range speed

52
Q

a short humerus and forearm, and an inflexible wrist joint

A

Hummingbirds have:

53
Q

flight cost=lowest

A

minimum power speed

54
Q

*ratio of weight carried per unit area of wing (g/cm2)

*wing area must increase 1.5 x’s for each unit increase in mass

  1. .062
  2. .179
  3. .242
  4. 2.007
A

wing loading

  1. myotic nigricans
  2. molassus sinaloae
  3. ruby-throated hummingbird
  4. canada goose
55
Q

inner wing VS outer wing

A

lift VS lift & thrust

57
Q

slots

A

*help control airflow over wing so some lift can be maintained at slow speeds and high angles of attack

*reduces tip vortices and induced drag

58
Q

Bernoulli’s law

A

states that static and dynamic pressure must always add up to a constant (i.e. when one increases the other must decrease)

59
Q

FLIGHT ADAPTATIONS

Scapula, coracoid, and furcula (clavical)

forelimb; joints

A

form triangular system of struts resisting pressure generated during wing strokes

fused to reduce weight/add rigidity; modified to allow radical angle changes needed for takeoff, landing, and flight

60
Q

caused by friction between the air and the bird’s body; overcome by long narrow wings; increases with air speed

A

profile drag (overcome with profile power)

61
Q

thrust (propulsion)

A

produced to overcome drag; moves a bird forward & only produced during flapping flight

62
Q
A
  1. humerus
  2. supracoracoideus tendon
  3. scapula
  4. foramen triosseum
  5. supracoracoideus muscle
  6. pectoralis muscle
  7. sternum
  8. coracoid

Ornithology (11 decks)

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