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Ornithology > Chapter 5: Flight > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Flight Flashcards

1
Q

alula

A

formed from 3 small feathers; creates slot at wing front, forcing airflow down & reducing turbulence

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2
Q

caused by turbulence around the wing that disrupts the lift-producing air stream; decreases with air speed; also reduced with increased wing length

i.e. tip vortices produced during downstroke (air flowing from bottom to top of wing); reduced with flap frequency

A

induced drag (overcome by induced power)

(i.e.)

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4
Q

*provide quick, powerful bursts

*most energy produced anaerobically

*dominate flight muscles of gallinaceous birds (e.g. grouse, fowl, quail, etc.)

A

white (glycolytic) fibers

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5
Q

High-speed wings (falcons, swifts, swallows, terns, diving ducks, and many shorebirds)

A

*tapered, pointed, often swept back

*tips not slotted; wings w/ high aspect ratio

*energetically expensive because the birds must flap constantly to generate enough speed to produce sufficient lift

*birds feed on wing and/or migrate long distances

*efficient lift generation has been traded for speed and control

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6
Q

wings shaped like airfoil, divides airflow above and below wing

flow above is constricted and so flows at higher velocity, resulting in increased dynamic pressure and decreased static pressure

b/c static pressure above wing is lower than below (doesn’t change below), upward lift force is generated

A

basis for lift production

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6
Q

formed from 3 small feathers; creates slot at wing front, forcing airflow down & reducing turbulence

A

alula

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7
Q

white (glycolytic) fibers

A

*provide quick, powerful bursts

*most energy produced anaerobically

*dominate flight muscles of gallinaceous birds (e.g. grouse, fowl, quail, etc.)

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7
Q

*tapered, pointed, often swept back

*tips not slotted; wings w/ high aspect ratio

*energetically expensive because the birds must flap constantly to generate enough speed to produce sufficient lift

*birds feed on wing and/or migrate long distances

*efficient lift generation has been traded for speed and control

A

High-speed wings (falcons, swifts, swallows, terns, diving ducks, and many shorebirds)

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8
Q

produced to overcome drag; moves a bird forward & only produced during flapping flight

A

thrust (propulsion)

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9
Q
  1. fusion of lightweight bones and reinforcement with internal struts
  2. lightweight bill replacing heavy, bulky jaw/teeth
  3. keeled sternum to support large flight muscles
  4. dorsal and ventral ribs fully ossified to strengthen connection between backbone and sternum
  5. rib cage reinforced by uncinate processes
A

flight adaptations (x5)

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9
Q

length (span) / width (1.5-18)

A

aspect ratio

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10
Q

characteristic of many small birds, dabbling ducks, grouse, and quail

characteristic of albatross, alcids, loons, and diving ducks

A

low wing loading

high wing loading

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11
Q

pectoralis

supracoracoideus

A

used for down (power) stroke

used for up (recovery) stroke (12% hummingbird mass)

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12
Q

basis for lift production

A

wings shaped like airfoil, divides airflow above and below wing

flow above is constricted and so flows at higher velocity, resulting in increased dynamic pressure and decreased static pressure

b/c static pressure above wing is lower than below (doesn’t change below), upward lift force is generated

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13
Q

lift VS lift & thrust

A

inner wing VS outer wing

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14
Q

long narrow wings features

A
  1. produce more lift b/c of longer leading edge
  2. increase distance between turbulence points
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14
Q

form triangular system of struts resisting pressure generated during wing strokes

fused to reduce weight/add rigidity; modified to allow radical angle changes needed for takeoff, landing, and flight

A

FLIGHT ADAPTATIONS

Scapula, coracoid, and furcula (clavical)

forelimb; joints

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15
Q

dynamic pressure

A

the pressure of movement (you feel this when wind blows against your face)

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15
Q

*provide sustained power

*relay on aerobic energy (ATP production)

*e.g. sparrows and hummingbirds

A

red (oxidative) fibers

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16
Q

Hummingbirds have:

A

a short humerus and forearm, and an inflexible wrist joint

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17
Q

induced drag (overcome by induced power)

(i.e.)

A

caused by turbulence around the wing that disrupts the lift-producing air stream; decreases with air speed; also reduced with increased wing length

i.e. tip vortices produced during downstroke (air flowing from bottom to top of wing); reduced with flap frequency

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18
Q

max range speed

A

travel furthest for least amount of fuel

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18
Q
  1. produce more lift b/c of longer leading edge
  2. increase distance between turbulence points
A

long narrow wings features

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19
Q

determines amount of lift produced

greater angle=more lift to certain point

A

angle of attack

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20
profile drag (overcome with profile power)
caused by friction between the air and the bird’s body; overcome by long narrow wings; increases with air speed
20
\*occurs on columns of rising air that result from the differential heating of land surfaces \*used to hunt for food or travel cross country, jumping from thermal to thermal
static soaring: thermal soaring
21
static pressure
the force produced by random motion of molecules in all directions (this is what you feel when you squeeze a balloon)
23
low wing loading high wing loading
characteristic of many small birds, dabbling ducks, grouse, and quail characteristic of albatross, alcids, loons, and diving ducks
24
\*broad with prominant slotting \*intermediate aspect ratio (eliptical vs high-speed) \*engage in static soaring w/ rising air masses \*reduced wing loading for carrying prey \*allow for slow flight speed so bird can turn tight spirals
slotted high-lift wings (soaring birds)
26
minimum power speed
flight cost=lowest
26
used by birds with high aspect ratio; dependent on wing speed being slower near water than higher up (birds swerve back and forth perpendicular to wind)
dynamic soaring
28
wing loading 1. myotic nigricans 2. molassus sinaloae 3. ruby-throated hummingbird 4. canada goose
\*ratio of weight carried per unit area of wing (g/cm2) \*wing area must increase 1.5 x's for each unit increase in mass 1. .062 2. .179 3. .242 4. 2.007
28
\*help control airflow over wing so some lift can be maintained at slow speeds and high angles of attack \*reduces tip vortices and induced drag
slots
29
1. airstream 2. angle of attack 3. leading edge 4. lift 5. resultant force 6. drag 7. trailing edge 8. chord
31
slotted high-lift wings (soaring birds)
\*broad with prominant slotting \*intermediate aspect ratio (eliptical vs high-speed) \*engage in static soaring w/ rising air masses \*reduced wing loading for carrying prey \*allow for slow flight speed so bird can turn tight spirals
32
\*traded the aerodynamic advantages of long wings for the maneuverability of short broad wings \*increased turbulence created by the broad tips is somewhat reduced by slotting \*produces less lift, but reduces wing loading, resulting in slower flight \*Birds with this wing shape often live in thick vegetation (Forest hawks (e.g. Sharp-shinned) have broader wings than their open-country counterparts)
elliptical wings (songbirds, crows, grouse, and quail)
34
static soaring: slope soaring
\*occurs when wind is deflected upward by a hill or ridge \*often results in concentrations of migrating hawks in areas where this phenomena is common
35
red (oxidative) fibers
\*provide sustained power \*relay on aerobic energy (ATP production) \*e.g. sparrows and hummingbirds
36
angle of attack
determines amount of lift produced greater angle=more lift to certain point
37
the pressure of movement (you feel this when wind blows against your face)
dynamic pressure
38
elliptical wings (songbirds, crows, grouse, and quail)
\*traded the aerodynamic advantages of long wings for the maneuverability of short broad wings \*increased turbulence created by the broad tips is somewhat reduced by slotting \*produces less lift, but reduces wing loading, resulting in slower flight \*Birds with this wing shape often live in thick vegetation (Forest hawks (e.g. Sharp-shinned) have broader wings than their open-country counterparts)
40
dynamic soaring
used by birds with high aspect ratio; dependent on wing speed being slower near water than higher up (birds swerve back and forth perpendicular to wind)
41
the force produced by random motion of molecules in all directions (this is what you feel when you squeeze a balloon)
static pressure
42
static soaring: thermal soaring
\*occurs on columns of rising air that result from the differential heating of land surfaces \*used to hunt for food or travel cross country, jumping from thermal to thermal
43
any force reducing lift
drag
44
states that static and dynamic pressure must always add up to a constant (i.e. when one increases the other must decrease)
Bernoulli’s law
46
drag
any force reducing lift
47
\*occurs when wind is deflected upward by a hill or ridge \*often results in concentrations of migrating hawks in areas where this phenomena is common
static soaring: slope soaring
48
flight adaptations (x5)
1. fusion of lightweight bones and reinforcement with internal struts 2. lightweight bill replacing heavy, bulky jaw/teeth 3. keeled sternum to support large flight muscles 4. dorsal and ventral ribs fully ossified to strengthen connection between backbone and sternum 5. rib cage reinforced by uncinate processes
49
aspect ratio
length (span) / width (1.5-18)
50
used for down (power) stroke used for up (recovery) stroke (12% hummingbird mass)
pectoralis supracoracoideus
51
travel furthest for least amount of fuel
max range speed
52
a short humerus and forearm, and an inflexible wrist joint
Hummingbirds have:
53
flight cost=lowest
minimum power speed
54
\*ratio of weight carried per unit area of wing (g/cm2) \*wing area must increase 1.5 x's for each unit increase in mass 1. .062 2. .179 3. .242 4. 2.007
wing loading 1. myotic nigricans 2. molassus sinaloae 3. ruby-throated hummingbird 4. canada goose
55
inner wing VS outer wing
lift VS lift & thrust
57
slots
\*help control airflow over wing so some lift can be maintained at slow speeds and high angles of attack \*reduces tip vortices and induced drag
58
Bernoulli’s law
states that static and dynamic pressure must always add up to a constant (i.e. when one increases the other must decrease)
59
FLIGHT ADAPTATIONS Scapula, coracoid, and furcula (clavical) forelimb; joints
form triangular system of struts resisting pressure generated during wing strokes fused to reduce weight/add rigidity; modified to allow radical angle changes needed for takeoff, landing, and flight
60
caused by friction between the air and the bird’s body; overcome by long narrow wings; increases with air speed
profile drag (overcome with profile power)
61
thrust (propulsion)
produced to overcome drag; moves a bird forward & only produced during flapping flight
62
1. humerus 2. supracoracoideus tendon 3. scapula 4. foramen triosseum 5. supracoracoideus muscle 6. pectoralis muscle 7. sternum 8. coracoid

Ornithology (11 decks)

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