Chapter 8: Vocal Communication Flashcards
songs
long vocalizations that have specific repeated patterns that are often pleasing to hear (most often given by breeding/territorial males)
short simple vocalizations that can be given by either sex
classifications x6?
calls
ditress, flight, warning, feeding, nest, and flock
frequency
hz (cycles per second)
number of sound waves per unit time
expressed as?
low-frequency communication (i.e. x3?)
best for long distances (i.e. grouse, doves, & owls)
resonance
intensifying and prolonging sound (i.e. ringing bell)
harmonic (x2)
e.g. hermit thrush, black-capped chickadee, & red-winged blackbird
a tone that is part of a series of overtones
used to add clarity and briliance to song
e.g.?
syrinx organ (x2)
tracheal tissue, bronchial tissue, or both (most species)
consists of tympaniform membranes, membrane muscles, and supporting cartilage; locatd between trachea and bronchi (voicebox equivalent)
consists of?
territorial song
e.g. great tit replaced by new male in less than half a day if removed (3x’s as long if song is played)
passes along information aobut a male’s capability to defend his space
e.g.?
relative frequency of a tone (high vs low)
pitch
vocal duets (i.e.?)
overlapping and synchronized sounds used to help maintain pair bonds (i.e. rufous hornero)
tested conspecific and heterospecific song
Searcy & Marlar (1981) w/ song sparrow
regulates song production by transmitting impulses from vocal center (HVC) of forebrain to robust archopallial (RA) to the tracheosyringeal motor neurons (nXIIts) to never controlling the syrinx (2 names?)
required throughout bird’s life for song production
descending motor pathway/posterior descending pathway (x2)
a series of tones produced simultaneously that have different frequencies and amplitudes
harmonic song
connects HVC to area X with feedback loops to two main auditory centers: DLM (midbrain) and LMAN (forebrain)
function x2?
anterior forebrain pathway
plays important role in song crystallization in males (compares current song template with that of other birds); required in juveniles for song learning but not adults
modulation
alteration of the form of a song by varaiation of either frequency or amplitude
loudness or maixmum energy of sound
amplitude
sonogram
visualization of song frequency content over time
vibrate to produce sound
tympanform membrances
calls
ditress, flight, warning, feeding, nest, and flock
short simple vocalizations that can be given by either sex
classifications x6?
long vocalizations that have specific repeated patterns that are often pleasing to hear (most often given by breeding/territorial males)
songs
Searcy & Marlar (1981) w/ song sparrow
tested conspecific and heterospecific song
best for long distances (i.e. grouse, doves, & owls)
low-frequency communication (i.e. x3?)
descending motor pathway/posterior descending pathway (x2)
regulates song production by transmitting impulses from vocal center (HVC) of forebrain to robust archopallial (RA) to the tracheosyringeal motor neurons (nXIIts) to never controlling the syrinx (2 names?)
required throughout bird’s life for song production
local birds vs regional cluster of similiar vocalizations
neighborhoods vs dialects
overlapping and synchronized sounds used to help maintain pair bonds (i.e. rufous hornero)
vocal duets (i.e.?)
anterior forebrain pathway
plays important role in song crystallization in males (compares current song template with that of other birds); required in juveniles for song learning but not adults
connects HVC to area X with feedback loops to two main auditory centers: DLM (midbrain) and LMAN (forebrain)
function x2?
intensifying and prolonging sound (i.e. ringing bell)
resonance
visualization of song frequency content over time
sonogram
number of sound waves per unit time
expressed as?
frequency
hz (cycles per second)
neighborhoods vs dialects
local birds vs regional cluster of similiar vocalizations
consists of tympaniform membranes, membrane muscles, and supporting cartilage; locatd between trachea and bronchi (voicebox equivalent)
consists of?
syrinx organ (x2)
tracheal tissue, bronchial tissue, or both (most species)
faint, thin, high-pitched notes over narrow frequency range, often long duration, conceal sender’s location
alarm calls
a tone that is part of a series of overtones
used to add clarity and briliance to song
e.g.?
harmonic (x2)
e.g. hermit thrush, black-capped chickadee, & red-winged blackbird
tympanform membrances
vibrate to produce sound
androgens & estrogens
control growth of new neurons to connect song neural pathways during breeding season
amplitude
loudness or maixmum energy of sound
control growth of new neurons to connect song neural pathways during breeding season
androgens & estrogens
alarm calls
faint, thin, high-pitched notes over narrow frequency range, often long duration, conceal sender’s location
passes along information aobut a male’s capability to defend his space
e.g.?
territorial song
e.g. great tit replaced by new male in less than half a day if removed (3x’s as long if song is played)
pitch
relative frequency of a tone (high vs low)
alteration of the form of a song by varaiation of either frequency or amplitude
modulation
harmonic song
a series of tones produced simultaneously that have different frequencies and amplitudes
