Chapter 8: Vocal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

songs

A

long vocalizations that have specific repeated patterns that are often pleasing to hear (most often given by breeding/territorial males)

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1
Q

short simple vocalizations that can be given by either sex

classifications x6?

A

calls

ditress, flight, warning, feeding, nest, and flock

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2
Q

frequency

hz (cycles per second)

A

number of sound waves per unit time

expressed as?

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3
Q

low-frequency communication (i.e. x3?)

A

best for long distances (i.e. grouse, doves, & owls)

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4
Q

resonance

A

intensifying and prolonging sound (i.e. ringing bell)

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5
Q

harmonic (x2)

e.g. hermit thrush, black-capped chickadee, & red-winged blackbird

A

a tone that is part of a series of overtones

used to add clarity and briliance to song

e.g.?

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7
Q

syrinx organ (x2)

tracheal tissue, bronchial tissue, or both (most species)

A

consists of tympaniform membranes, membrane muscles, and supporting cartilage; locatd between trachea and bronchi (voicebox equivalent)

consists of?

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7
Q

territorial song

e.g. great tit replaced by new male in less than half a day if removed (3x’s as long if song is played)

A

passes along information aobut a male’s capability to defend his space

e.g.?

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8
Q

relative frequency of a tone (high vs low)

A

pitch

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9
Q

vocal duets (i.e.?)

A

overlapping and synchronized sounds used to help maintain pair bonds (i.e. rufous hornero)

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10
Q

tested conspecific and heterospecific song

A

Searcy & Marlar (1981) w/ song sparrow

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11
Q

regulates song production by transmitting impulses from vocal center (HVC) of forebrain to robust archopallial (RA) to the tracheosyringeal motor neurons (nXIIts) to never controlling the syrinx (2 names?)

required throughout bird’s life for song production

A

descending motor pathway/posterior descending pathway (x2)

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12
Q

a series of tones produced simultaneously that have different frequencies and amplitudes

A

harmonic song

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12
Q

connects HVC to area X with feedback loops to two main auditory centers: DLM (midbrain) and LMAN (forebrain)

function x2?

A

anterior forebrain pathway

plays important role in song crystallization in males (compares current song template with that of other birds); required in juveniles for song learning but not adults

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13
Q

modulation

A

alteration of the form of a song by varaiation of either frequency or amplitude

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13
Q

loudness or maixmum energy of sound

A

amplitude

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14
Q

sonogram

A

visualization of song frequency content over time

15
Q

vibrate to produce sound

A

tympanform membrances

17
Q

calls

ditress, flight, warning, feeding, nest, and flock

A

short simple vocalizations that can be given by either sex

classifications x6?

18
Q

long vocalizations that have specific repeated patterns that are often pleasing to hear (most often given by breeding/territorial males)

19
Q

Searcy & Marlar (1981) w/ song sparrow

A

tested conspecific and heterospecific song

20
Q

best for long distances (i.e. grouse, doves, & owls)

A

low-frequency communication (i.e. x3?)

21
Q

descending motor pathway/posterior descending pathway (x2)

A

regulates song production by transmitting impulses from vocal center (HVC) of forebrain to robust archopallial (RA) to the tracheosyringeal motor neurons (nXIIts) to never controlling the syrinx (2 names?)

required throughout bird’s life for song production

22
Q

local birds vs regional cluster of similiar vocalizations

A

neighborhoods vs dialects

23
overlapping and synchronized sounds used to help maintain pair bonds (i.e. rufous hornero)
vocal duets (i.e.?)
24
anterior forebrain pathway plays important role in song crystallization in males (compares current song template with that of other birds); required in juveniles for song learning but not adults
connects HVC to area X with feedback loops to two main auditory centers: DLM (midbrain) and LMAN (forebrain) function x2?
25
intensifying and prolonging sound (i.e. ringing bell)
resonance
26
visualization of song frequency content over time
sonogram
28
number of sound waves per unit time expressed as?
frequency hz (cycles per second)
29
neighborhoods vs dialects
local birds vs regional cluster of similiar vocalizations
30
consists of tympaniform membranes, membrane muscles, and supporting cartilage; locatd between trachea and bronchi (voicebox equivalent) consists of?
syrinx organ (x2) tracheal tissue, bronchial tissue, or both (most species)
31
faint, thin, high-pitched notes over narrow frequency range, often long duration, conceal sender's location
alarm calls
32
a tone that is part of a series of overtones used to add clarity and briliance to song e.g.?
harmonic (x2) e.g. hermit thrush, black-capped chickadee, & red-winged blackbird
33
tympanform membrances
vibrate to produce sound
35
androgens & estrogens
control growth of new neurons to connect song neural pathways during breeding season
36
amplitude
loudness or maixmum energy of sound
37
control growth of new neurons to connect song neural pathways during breeding season
androgens & estrogens
38
alarm calls
faint, thin, high-pitched notes over narrow frequency range, often long duration, conceal sender's location
39
passes along information aobut a male's capability to defend his space e.g.?
territorial song e.g. great tit replaced by new male in less than half a day if removed (3x's as long if song is played)
40
pitch
relative frequency of a tone (high vs low)
41
alteration of the form of a song by varaiation of either frequency or amplitude
modulation
42
harmonic song
a series of tones produced simultaneously that have different frequencies and amplitudes