Chapter 8: Vocal Communication

Question 1

songs

Answer 1

long vocalizations that have specific repeated patterns that are often pleasing to hear (most often given by breeding/territorial males)

Question 1

short simple vocalizations that can be given by either sex

classifications x6?

Answer 1

calls

ditress, flight, warning, feeding, nest, and flock

Question 2

frequency

hz (cycles per second)

Answer 2

number of sound waves per unit time

expressed as?

Question 3

low-frequency communication (i.e. x3?)

Answer 3

best for long distances (i.e. grouse, doves, & owls)

Question 4

resonance

Answer 4

intensifying and prolonging sound (i.e. ringing bell)

Question 5

harmonic (x2)

e.g. hermit thrush, black-capped chickadee, & red-winged blackbird

Answer 5

a tone that is part of a series of overtones

used to add clarity and briliance to song

e.g.?

Question 7

syrinx organ (x2)

tracheal tissue, bronchial tissue, or both (most species)

Answer 7

consists of tympaniform membranes, membrane muscles, and supporting cartilage; locatd between trachea and bronchi (voicebox equivalent)

consists of?

Question 7

territorial song

e.g. great tit replaced by new male in less than half a day if removed (3x’s as long if song is played)

Answer 7

passes along information aobut a male’s capability to defend his space

e.g.?

Question 8

relative frequency of a tone (high vs low)

Answer 8

pitch

Question 9

vocal duets (i.e.?)

Answer 9

overlapping and synchronized sounds used to help maintain pair bonds (i.e. rufous hornero)

Question 10

tested conspecific and heterospecific song

Answer 10

Searcy & Marlar (1981) w/ song sparrow

Question 11

regulates song production by transmitting impulses from vocal center (HVC) of forebrain to robust archopallial (RA) to the tracheosyringeal motor neurons (nXIIts) to never controlling the syrinx (2 names?)

required throughout bird’s life for song production

Answer 11

descending motor pathway/posterior descending pathway (x2)

Question 12

a series of tones produced simultaneously that have different frequencies and amplitudes

Answer 12

harmonic song

Question 12

connects HVC to area X with feedback loops to two main auditory centers: DLM (midbrain) and LMAN (forebrain)

function x2?

Answer 12

anterior forebrain pathway

plays important role in song crystallization in males (compares current song template with that of other birds); required in juveniles for song learning but not adults

Question 13

modulation

Answer 13

alteration of the form of a song by varaiation of either frequency or amplitude

Question 13

loudness or maixmum energy of sound

Answer 13

amplitude

Question 14

sonogram

Answer 14

visualization of song frequency content over time

Question 15

vibrate to produce sound

Answer 15

tympanform membrances

Question 17

calls

ditress, flight, warning, feeding, nest, and flock

Answer 17

short simple vocalizations that can be given by either sex

classifications x6?

Question 18

long vocalizations that have specific repeated patterns that are often pleasing to hear (most often given by breeding/territorial males)

Answer 18

songs

Question 19

Searcy & Marlar (1981) w/ song sparrow

Answer 19

tested conspecific and heterospecific song

Question 20

best for long distances (i.e. grouse, doves, & owls)

Answer 20

low-frequency communication (i.e. x3?)

Question 21

descending motor pathway/posterior descending pathway (x2)

Answer 21

regulates song production by transmitting impulses from vocal center (HVC) of forebrain to robust archopallial (RA) to the tracheosyringeal motor neurons (nXIIts) to never controlling the syrinx (2 names?)

required throughout bird’s life for song production

Question 22

local birds vs regional cluster of similiar vocalizations

Answer 22

neighborhoods vs dialects

Question 23

overlapping and synchronized sounds used to help maintain pair bonds (i.e. rufous hornero)

Answer 23

vocal duets (i.e.?)

Question 24

anterior forebrain pathway

plays important role in song crystallization in males (compares current song template with that of other birds); required in juveniles for song learning but not adults

Answer 24

connects HVC to area X with feedback loops to two main auditory centers: DLM (midbrain) and LMAN (forebrain)

function x2?

Question 25

intensifying and prolonging sound (i.e. ringing bell)

Answer 25

resonance

Question 26

visualization of song frequency content over time

Answer 26

sonogram

Question 28

number of sound waves per unit time

expressed as?

Answer 28

frequency

hz (cycles per second)

Question 29

neighborhoods vs dialects

Answer 29

local birds vs regional cluster of similiar vocalizations

Question 30

consists of tympaniform membranes, membrane muscles, and supporting cartilage; locatd between trachea and bronchi (voicebox equivalent)

consists of?

Answer 30

syrinx organ (x2)

tracheal tissue, bronchial tissue, or both (most species)

Question 31

faint, thin, high-pitched notes over narrow frequency range, often long duration, conceal sender’s location

Answer 31

alarm calls

Question 32

a tone that is part of a series of overtones

used to add clarity and briliance to song

e.g.?

Answer 32

harmonic (x2)

e.g. hermit thrush, black-capped chickadee, & red-winged blackbird

Question 33

tympanform membrances

Answer 33

vibrate to produce sound

Question 35

androgens & estrogens

Answer 35

control growth of new neurons to connect song neural pathways during breeding season

Question 36

amplitude

Answer 36

loudness or maixmum energy of sound

Question 37

control growth of new neurons to connect song neural pathways during breeding season

Answer 37

androgens & estrogens

Question 38

alarm calls

Answer 38

faint, thin, high-pitched notes over narrow frequency range, often long duration, conceal sender’s location

Question 39

passes along information aobut a male’s capability to defend his space

e.g.?

Answer 39

territorial song

e.g. great tit replaced by new male in less than half a day if removed (3x’s as long if song is played)

Question 40

pitch

Answer 40

relative frequency of a tone (high vs low)

Question 41

alteration of the form of a song by varaiation of either frequency or amplitude

Answer 41

modulation

Question 42

harmonic song

Answer 42

a series of tones produced simultaneously that have different frequencies and amplitudes