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Ornithology > Chapter 9: Annual Cycles > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Annual Cycles Flashcards

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Shorebirds of North America flashcards
1
Q

Breeding cycles driven by? (x4)

A

availability of food, nest sites, locations of favorable climates, and times of low predation risk

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1
Q

released from pituitary, normal posthatching growth, fat metabolism and synthesis, stimulates immunie system

A

Growth hormone (GH) (x4)

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1
Q

begin annual cycle at sight of green pine cones

A

pinon jays

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2
Q

rainfall

A

key timing variable in equatorial places (heavy rain stimulates gonzad size increase b/c increased food availability)

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3
Q

migratory restlessness

A

zugunruhe

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4
Q

kingfishers

A

peak at the end of the dry season when streams are clear and fish can be easily seen

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4
Q

clocks that regulate 24-hour cycles; tied to earth’s rotation on its axis

A

circadian rhythms (x2)

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4
Q

longer (6-12 months) vs shorter (_>_4 months)

A

tropical vs temperate climates

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5
Q

estrogen (x4)

A

migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary gland, egg production in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function

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5
Q

released from pituitary gland, produces crop milk in pigeons, incubation behavior and broodiness, photorefractoriness of testes

A

prolactin (x4)

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5
Q

early spring restlessness, triggered by increased day length

also triggers?

A

hyperphagia (x2)

fat deposition

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6
Q

seasonal nesting patterns at northern sites but prolonged breeding at tropical sites

low water temperatures (depresses food availability) delay breeding

hurricanes cause irregular breeding (in Caribbean and parts of South America)

A

brown pelicans (x3)

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7
Q

2 pituitary hormones

  • stimulates testosterone release in testes in males; ovulation, progersterone and testosterone production in females
  • stimulates sperm production in males (testes) and egg follicle development in females (ovary)
A
  1. luteinizing hormone (LH)
    - function?
  2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
    - function?
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7
Q

brown pelicans (x3)

A

seasonal nesting patterns at northern sites but prolonged breeding at tropical sites

low water temperatures (depresses food availability) delay breeding

hurricanes cause irregular breeding (in Caribbean and parts of South America)

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8
Q

daylight

A

diurnal

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9
Q

activates annual cycle stages by stimulating internal (hormonal) response

i.e.?

A

environmental cures

i.e. white-crowned sparrow (molt, autumnal migration, overwintering, vernal migration, breeding)

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11
Q

permanent residents

breed, molt, and survive until next breeding season

e.g.?

A

simplest annual cycles; birds who live in same place year-round

birds must…? (x3)

e.g. rock pigeon

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11
Q

luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (x2)

A

released from hypothalamus, produced LH and FSH by pituitary gland

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11
Q

extrinsic migration timing factors (x3)

A

temperature, barometric pressure, wind

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13
Q

emlen (1969) w/ indigo buntings

A

cause to molt an extra time during the year by increasing the photoperiod

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15
Q

temperature & water availability

others?

A

2 key variables of gonadal cycle (change during annual cycle)

-social stimulation (displays), presence of certain foods, growth of new vegetation

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17
Q

circannual cycles (x2)

controlled by 2-part system?

A

clocks that regulate annual cycles; tied to earth’s rotation around the sun

  1. internal circadian clocks (track day length)
  2. environmental light cycles stimulate neural receptors
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18
Q

control annual cycles as well; have a period of about 1 year

e.g.?

A

endogenous rhythms

starling experiment: 12/12 light/dark cycle, still came into breeding at predictable times

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18
Q

cause to molt an extra time during the year by increasing the photoperiod

A

emlen (1969) w/ indigo buntings

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19
Q

migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary gland, egg production in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function

A

estrogen (x4)

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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20
Q

glucagon (specics x4) & corticosterone

A

released at end of breeding season (with thyoxin) to stimulate fat deposition (for migration)

-from pancreas, metabolism in liver and muscles, release of fatty acids to blood plasma, & fasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

environmental cures

i.e. white-crowned sparrow (molt, autumnal migration, overwintering, vernal migration, breeding)

A

activates annual cycle stages by stimulating internal (hormonal) response

i.e.?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

availability of food, nest sites, locations of favorable climates, and times of low predation risk

A

Breeding cycles driven by? (x4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thyroxin (T4) (x6)

A

released from thyroid gland, controls onset and pace of molt, suppressed by sex steroids, metabolism, themogenesis, growth & development

24
Q

hummingbirds

A

peak at beginning of dry season when flowers start blooming

25
Q

clocks that regulate annual cycles; tied to earth’s rotation around the sun

  1. internal circadian clocks (track day length)
  2. environmental light cycles stimulate neural receptors
A

circannual cycles (x2)

controlled by 2-part system?

25
Q

showed they respond to decreased barometric pressure by moving more quickly, more frequently, and feeding more frequently

A

metcalfe et al (2013) w/ white-crowned sparrows

27
Q

prolactin (x4)

A

released from pituitary gland, produces crop milk in pigeons, incubation behavior and broodiness, photorefractoriness of testes

28
Q

released from adrenal gland, stress management, supresses gonadal hormone release, reduces disease resistance, migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary, egg prouction in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (x8)

30
Q

testosterone (x4)

A

released from tests/ovary, develops testes, secondary sexual morphology & brain function, and ovulation in females

31
Q

key timing variable in equatorial places (heavy rain stimulates gonzad size increase b/c increased food availability)

A

rainfall

32
Q

released from hypothalamus, produced LH and FSH by pituitary gland

A

luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (x2)

33
Q

Rowan (1929) w/ dark-eyed juncos

A

showed that photoperiod need only change 5-10min to stimulate testes growth

35
Q

circadian rhythms (x2)

A

clocks that regulate 24-hour cycles; tied to earth’s rotation on its axis

36
Q

hyperphagia (x2)

fat deposition

A

early spring restlessness, triggered by increased day length

also triggers?

37
Q

Wolfson (1942) dark-eyed juncos

A

migratory birds increased fat deposition with increasing daylight while nonmigratory birds didn’t

39
Q

photoperiod monitoring/circadian pacemakers

A

done with receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, pineal gland, and retina

40
Q

simplest annual cycles; birds who live in same place year-round

birds must…? (x3)

e.g. rock pigeon

A

permanent residents

breed, molt, and survive until next breeding season

e.g.?

41
Q

metcalfe et al (2013) w/ white-crowned sparrows

A

showed they respond to decreased barometric pressure by moving more quickly, more frequently, and feeding more frequently

42
Q

tropical vs temperate climates

A

longer (6-12 months) vs shorter (_>_4 months)

42
Q

fusani et al (2014) w/ blackcaps

A

showed that zugunruhe related to expression of cryptochromes (allow birds to sense magnetic field)) in retina (nighttime migrant)

43
Q

pars tuberalis

A

houses light receptors in the ventral hypothalamus of white-crowned sparrows which stimulate the release of pituitary hormones

44
Q

released at end of breeding season (with thyoxin) to stimulate fat deposition (for migration)

-from pancreas, metabolism in liver and muscles, release of fatty acids to blood plasma, & fasting

A

glucagon (specics x4) & corticosterone

45
Q

houses light receptors in the ventral hypothalamus of white-crowned sparrows which stimulate the release of pituitary hormones

A

pars tuberalis

46
Q

Growth hormone (GH) (x4)

A

released from pituitary, normal posthatching growth, fat metabolism and synthesis, stimulates immunie system

47
Q

migratory birds increased fat deposition with increasing daylight while nonmigratory birds didn’t

A

Wolfson (1942) dark-eyed juncos

48
Q

done with receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, pineal gland, and retina

A

photoperiod monitoring/circadian pacemakers

49
Q

temperature, barometric pressure, wind

A

extrinsic migration timing factors

51
Q

showed that photoperiod need only change 5-10min to stimulate testes growth

A

Rowan (1929) w/ dark-eyed juncos

52
Q

zugunruhe

A

migratory restlessness

53
Q

showed that zugunruhe related to expression of cryptochromes (allow birds to sense magnetic field)) in retina (nighttime migrant)

A

fusani et al (2014) w/ blackcaps

54
Q

2 key variables of gonadal cycle (change during annual cycle)

-social stimulation (displays), presence of certain foods, growth of new vegetation

A

temperature & water availability

others?

56
Q

diurnal

A

daylight

58
Q

zeitgebers (time givers)

A

external cures used to correct circadian rhythms

58
Q
  1. luteinizing hormone (LH)
    - function?
  2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
    - function?
A

2 pituitary hormones

  • stimulates testosterone release in testes in males; ovulation, progersterone and testosterone production in females
  • stimulates sperm production in males (testes) and egg follicle development in females (ovary)
59
Q

endogenous rhythms

starling experiment: 12/12 light/dark cycle, still came into breeding at predictable times

A

control annual cycles as well; have a period of about 1 year

e.g.?

60
Q

released from thyroid gland, controls onset and pace of molt, suppressed by sex steroids, metabolism, themogenesis, growth & development

A

thyroxin (T4) (x6)

61
Q

pinon jays

A

begin annual cycle at sight of green pine cones

62
Q

released from the ovary, induces ovulation

A

progesterone (x2)

64
Q

peak at the end of the dry season when streams are clear and fish can be easily seen

A

kingfishers

66
Q

released from tests/ovary, develops testes, secondary sexual morphology & brain function, and ovulation in females

A

testosterone (x4)

67
Q

progesterone (x2)

A

released from the ovary, induces ovulation

68
Q

external cures used to correct circadian rhythms

A

zeitgebers (time givers)

69
Q

peak at beginning of dry season when flowers start blooming

A

hummingbirds

70
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (x8)

A

stress management, supresses gonadal hormone release, reduces disease resistance, migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary, egg prouction in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function

Ornithology (11 decks)

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