Chapter 9: Annual Cycles Flashcards
Breeding cycles driven by? (x4)
availability of food, nest sites, locations of favorable climates, and times of low predation risk
released from pituitary, normal posthatching growth, fat metabolism and synthesis, stimulates immunie system
Growth hormone (GH) (x4)
begin annual cycle at sight of green pine cones
pinon jays
rainfall
key timing variable in equatorial places (heavy rain stimulates gonzad size increase b/c increased food availability)
migratory restlessness
zugunruhe
kingfishers
peak at the end of the dry season when streams are clear and fish can be easily seen
clocks that regulate 24-hour cycles; tied to earth’s rotation on its axis
circadian rhythms (x2)
longer (6-12 months) vs shorter (_>_4 months)
tropical vs temperate climates
estrogen (x4)
migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary gland, egg production in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function
released from pituitary gland, produces crop milk in pigeons, incubation behavior and broodiness, photorefractoriness of testes
prolactin (x4)
early spring restlessness, triggered by increased day length
also triggers?
hyperphagia (x2)
fat deposition
seasonal nesting patterns at northern sites but prolonged breeding at tropical sites
low water temperatures (depresses food availability) delay breeding
hurricanes cause irregular breeding (in Caribbean and parts of South America)
brown pelicans (x3)
2 pituitary hormones
- stimulates testosterone release in testes in males; ovulation, progersterone and testosterone production in females
- stimulates sperm production in males (testes) and egg follicle development in females (ovary)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- function? - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- function?
brown pelicans (x3)
seasonal nesting patterns at northern sites but prolonged breeding at tropical sites
low water temperatures (depresses food availability) delay breeding
hurricanes cause irregular breeding (in Caribbean and parts of South America)
daylight
diurnal
activates annual cycle stages by stimulating internal (hormonal) response
i.e.?
environmental cures
i.e. white-crowned sparrow (molt, autumnal migration, overwintering, vernal migration, breeding)
permanent residents
breed, molt, and survive until next breeding season
e.g.?
simplest annual cycles; birds who live in same place year-round
birds must…? (x3)
e.g. rock pigeon
luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (x2)
released from hypothalamus, produced LH and FSH by pituitary gland
extrinsic migration timing factors (x3)
temperature, barometric pressure, wind
emlen (1969) w/ indigo buntings
cause to molt an extra time during the year by increasing the photoperiod
temperature & water availability
others?
2 key variables of gonadal cycle (change during annual cycle)
-social stimulation (displays), presence of certain foods, growth of new vegetation
circannual cycles (x2)
controlled by 2-part system?
clocks that regulate annual cycles; tied to earth’s rotation around the sun
- internal circadian clocks (track day length)
- environmental light cycles stimulate neural receptors
control annual cycles as well; have a period of about 1 year
e.g.?
endogenous rhythms
starling experiment: 12/12 light/dark cycle, still came into breeding at predictable times
cause to molt an extra time during the year by increasing the photoperiod
emlen (1969) w/ indigo buntings
migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary gland, egg production in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function
estrogen (x4)
glucagon (specics x4) & corticosterone
released at end of breeding season (with thyoxin) to stimulate fat deposition (for migration)
-from pancreas, metabolism in liver and muscles, release of fatty acids to blood plasma, & fasting
environmental cures
i.e. white-crowned sparrow (molt, autumnal migration, overwintering, vernal migration, breeding)
activates annual cycle stages by stimulating internal (hormonal) response
i.e.?
availability of food, nest sites, locations of favorable climates, and times of low predation risk
Breeding cycles driven by? (x4)
thyroxin (T4) (x6)
released from thyroid gland, controls onset and pace of molt, suppressed by sex steroids, metabolism, themogenesis, growth & development
hummingbirds
peak at beginning of dry season when flowers start blooming
clocks that regulate annual cycles; tied to earth’s rotation around the sun
- internal circadian clocks (track day length)
- environmental light cycles stimulate neural receptors
circannual cycles (x2)
controlled by 2-part system?
showed they respond to decreased barometric pressure by moving more quickly, more frequently, and feeding more frequently
metcalfe et al (2013) w/ white-crowned sparrows
prolactin (x4)
released from pituitary gland, produces crop milk in pigeons, incubation behavior and broodiness, photorefractoriness of testes
released from adrenal gland, stress management, supresses gonadal hormone release, reduces disease resistance, migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary, egg prouction in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (x8)
testosterone (x4)
released from tests/ovary, develops testes, secondary sexual morphology & brain function, and ovulation in females
key timing variable in equatorial places (heavy rain stimulates gonzad size increase b/c increased food availability)
rainfall
released from hypothalamus, produced LH and FSH by pituitary gland
luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (x2)
Rowan (1929) w/ dark-eyed juncos
showed that photoperiod need only change 5-10min to stimulate testes growth
circadian rhythms (x2)
clocks that regulate 24-hour cycles; tied to earth’s rotation on its axis
hyperphagia (x2)
fat deposition
early spring restlessness, triggered by increased day length
also triggers?
Wolfson (1942) dark-eyed juncos
migratory birds increased fat deposition with increasing daylight while nonmigratory birds didn’t
photoperiod monitoring/circadian pacemakers
done with receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, pineal gland, and retina
simplest annual cycles; birds who live in same place year-round
birds must…? (x3)
e.g. rock pigeon
permanent residents
breed, molt, and survive until next breeding season
e.g.?
metcalfe et al (2013) w/ white-crowned sparrows
showed they respond to decreased barometric pressure by moving more quickly, more frequently, and feeding more frequently
tropical vs temperate climates
longer (6-12 months) vs shorter (_>_4 months)
fusani et al (2014) w/ blackcaps
showed that zugunruhe related to expression of cryptochromes (allow birds to sense magnetic field)) in retina (nighttime migrant)
pars tuberalis
houses light receptors in the ventral hypothalamus of white-crowned sparrows which stimulate the release of pituitary hormones
released at end of breeding season (with thyoxin) to stimulate fat deposition (for migration)
-from pancreas, metabolism in liver and muscles, release of fatty acids to blood plasma, & fasting
glucagon (specics x4) & corticosterone
houses light receptors in the ventral hypothalamus of white-crowned sparrows which stimulate the release of pituitary hormones
pars tuberalis
Growth hormone (GH) (x4)
released from pituitary, normal posthatching growth, fat metabolism and synthesis, stimulates immunie system
migratory birds increased fat deposition with increasing daylight while nonmigratory birds didn’t
Wolfson (1942) dark-eyed juncos
done with receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, pineal gland, and retina
photoperiod monitoring/circadian pacemakers
temperature, barometric pressure, wind
extrinsic migration timing factors
showed that photoperiod need only change 5-10min to stimulate testes growth
Rowan (1929) w/ dark-eyed juncos
zugunruhe
migratory restlessness
showed that zugunruhe related to expression of cryptochromes (allow birds to sense magnetic field)) in retina (nighttime migrant)
fusani et al (2014) w/ blackcaps
2 key variables of gonadal cycle (change during annual cycle)
-social stimulation (displays), presence of certain foods, growth of new vegetation
temperature & water availability
others?
diurnal
daylight
zeitgebers (time givers)
external cures used to correct circadian rhythms
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- function? - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- function?
2 pituitary hormones
- stimulates testosterone release in testes in males; ovulation, progersterone and testosterone production in females
- stimulates sperm production in males (testes) and egg follicle development in females (ovary)
endogenous rhythms
starling experiment: 12/12 light/dark cycle, still came into breeding at predictable times
control annual cycles as well; have a period of about 1 year
e.g.?
released from thyroid gland, controls onset and pace of molt, suppressed by sex steroids, metabolism, themogenesis, growth & development
thyroxin (T4) (x6)
pinon jays
begin annual cycle at sight of green pine cones
released from the ovary, induces ovulation
progesterone (x2)
peak at the end of the dry season when streams are clear and fish can be easily seen
kingfishers
released from tests/ovary, develops testes, secondary sexual morphology & brain function, and ovulation in females
testosterone (x4)
progesterone (x2)
released from the ovary, induces ovulation
external cures used to correct circadian rhythms
zeitgebers (time givers)
peak at beginning of dry season when flowers start blooming
hummingbirds
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (x8)
stress management, supresses gonadal hormone release, reduces disease resistance, migratory restlessness, progesterone release by pituitary, egg prouction in oviduct, secondary sexual morphology and brain function