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Immunohematology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the site of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus

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2
Q

one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

A

allele

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3
Q

a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen (a silent gene such as Jk, Lu, O)

A

amorph or silent allele

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4
Q

the outward expression of genes (blood type) on blood cells.

A

phenotype

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5
Q

a persons genetic make-up

A

genotype

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6
Q

processing different alleles on a gene for a given characteristic

A

heterozygous

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7
Q

possesing a pair of identical genes

A

homozygous

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8
Q

a trait or characteristic that will be expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologus chromosomes

A

dominant

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9
Q

a type of gene that, in the prescence of its dominant allele, does not express itself; expression occurs when it is inherited in the homozygous state.

A

recessive

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10
Q

a pair of genes in which neither is dominant over the other; that is, they are both expressed

A

co-dominant or egalitarian

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11
Q

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength collidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBC’s

A

zeta-potential

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12
Q

what is the “job” of IgG and IgM in terms of bridging the gap between RBC’s?

A

IgM bridges the gap easier because they are larger than IgG

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13
Q

what is the temp reactivity of IgG

A

IgG reacts at 30-37 degrees

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14
Q

what is the temp reactivity of IgG

A

IgM reacts at 4-27 degrees

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15
Q

What is the effect of LISS in the Ag-Ab reaction?

A

The addition of LISS will help the rate of association between antigen and antibody. The rate is increased by lowering the ionic strength.

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16
Q

4 enzymes used in blood bank

A

ficin
papin
trypsin
bromelin

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17
Q

AHG effects and what does it do?

A

useful in detecting IgG and complement

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18
Q

what is dosage?

A

homozygous gives stronger reaction than heterozygous

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19
Q

What is the genotype of a bombay individual?

A

hh

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20
Q

what is the phenotype of a bombay individual?

A

Oh

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21
Q

which precursor type substances for ABH antigens?

A

type 2

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22
Q

name the two stages of RBC agglutination in correct sequence

A
  1. sensitization

2. clumping (agglutination)

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23
Q

the reverse or backside blood typing test detects the presence or abscense of antibodies using what?

A

antibodies using the patients serum/plasma

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24
Q

the forward blood typing test detects what?

A

antigens in the patients RBCs using antisera

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25
Does Lewis cause HDN? why?
No | It CANNOT cross the placenta and its not fully developed in a newborn
26
What antibody most often causes HDFN?
Rh (the d)
27
what are you called if you have no Rh antigens?
Rh null
28
T/F Lewis antibodies are enhanced by enzymes
T
29
T/F Lewis antigens tend to become stronger during pregnancy
F they become weaker
30
T/F Lewis anitbodies usually occur without know RBC stimulus
T
31
T/F Lewis system includes soluble antigens that are present in saliva and plasma with antigenic determinants occurring naturally on the RBC surface
F | they are made in the tissue and are not on the RBC surface
32
T/F Lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR
F | they can not cross the placenta and they will convert in a transfusion
33
T/F the Rh system was the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice
F | ABO was first discovered and is the MOST significant for transfusion
34
T/F Rh Abs react more strongly at 4 C than at 37 C
F | IgG likes 37
35
T/F Rh Abs can cross the placenta
T | IgG can cross the placenta
36
T/F Rh Abs are not a frequent cause of HDN
F | they are because they can cross the placenta
37
Where would we find anit-A1?
A 2 B A 3 A x A 2
38
where would you see mixed field agglutination with Anti-A?
A 3
39
What % of caucasians are secretors?
80%
40
where would you find anti-AB antiserum?
O blood type
41
Anti-C will react with an individual with type?
any C type
42
when would you do a weak D testing?
if the initial spin is negative for a donor
43
what would be a good indication of HDN testing?
Serum Bilirubin DAT (if + do an elution and antibody ID) cord blood hemoglobin
44
An anti-A lectin used to confirm the Ags on RBCs
dolichos biflorus
45
who is a good canidate for Rhogam?
Rh negative mothers who deliver Rh positive babies
46
List the H substance demonstrated in order of decreasing reactivity
O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B
47
Landsteiners Rule
Ab are present in plasma only when the corresponding Ag is not present on the RBCs
48
why are cord cells washed?
to remove Whartons jelly
49
secretor status test used for H substance
inhibition and neutralization tests
50
why is Anti-AB antiserum used in the lab?
detection of subgroups of A weaker than A2
51
If you have 2 parents that are A1/A1 and A1/A2 what is the phenotype of their offspring?
A
52
If you have MM and MN, which agglutinates more strongly? Why?
MM, due to the dosage effect. It affects more strongly in the homozygous state
53
will time have an effect on an Ag/Ab reaction?
yes
54
will overcentrifugation cause a false negative in an Ag/Ab reaction?
no | it is more likely to give a false +
55
Is a reaction at 4 C clinically significant?
no | IgM does not cross the placenta
56
If you decrease serum cell ration does it provide more Ab molecules to the Ag sites available for reaction?
no
57
are Lewis Ab clinically significant
No
58
can nonsecretors secrete ABO substances regardless of ABO group?
no
59
name 2 substances tht can reduce the zeta potential and allow red blood cells to approach each other more closely and be agglutinated
Albumin and LISS
60
name 2 influencing factors in Ag Ab reactions
temperature pH centrifugation
61
The ______ gene is necessary for the expression of the ABO genes
H
62
Ulex europeaus is a lectin with ______ specifity, whereas dolichos biflorus is a lectin with ______ specificity.
Anti-H | Anti-A
63
genotypes that produce the A1 phenotype
A1A1 A1A2 A1O
64
individuals that do not inherit the H gene have the genotype ______ and are said to have the _____ phenotype; they also possess an addtional Ab, _______, in comparison to normal O individuals
hh bombay anti-H
65
what is the Rh negative genotype?
dd
66
react better at 37 then 4 C cross the placenta frequently cause HDN
IgG
67
if you had the following blood types, which would cause a mixed-field agglutination? AB A1 A3 Ax O
A3
68
do some A2 individuals produce anti-A1?
Yes-8%
69
where do anti-AB antisera come from?
humans with type O blood
70
which is least useful for studying HDN?
secretor testing
71
what is the purpose of Rh immune globulin?
to prevent sensitization of the Rh negative mother to the baby's Rh positive blood
72
who can you truly designate Rh negative
blood will not react with anti-D | process to weak D testing
73
what would be useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?
boiled saliva Ulex europaeus extract O cells
74
why are O cells good for detecting anti-H?
Increased H antigens
75
what causes HDN to occur?
maternal cells lack antigen that fetal cells have. that's what causes sensitization
76
reverse ABO grouping in inadequate in who?
newborns
77
name the antisera used in detecting Rh
``` anti-D anti-c anti-C anti-e anti-E ```
78
another namefor the F antigen
compound antigen
79
what is present when F antigen is expressed on RBC's
c&e inherited on the same haplotype
80
what will react with anti-F?
Dce
81
with R1R1 (DCe/DCe) if given dce, what antibody will most likely form?
anti-c
82
which blood group reacts most strongly with anti-H lectin (ulex europaeus)?
Group O
83
r
dce
84
r'
dCe
85
r"
dcE
86
ry
dCE
87
R'
DCe
88
R"
DcE
89
RO
Dce
90
Rz
DCE
91
for 2 RBCs to clump what must happen?
1. Ag and Ab must sensitize | 2. agglutination
92
a word that describes a significant difference in antibody reaction strength depending on the amount of corresponding antigen present on a red blood cells.
dosage
93
found naturally occuring in IgM Ab produced by some subgroups of A.
Anti-A1
94
well developed at birth so one of the main causes of HDN
Rh
95
what test is non-invasive and indicates anemia in newborns?
MCA-PSV
96
what are the risks of invasive testing when testing for HDFN?
infection increased sensatization induction of premature labor
97
test that is performed in-vivo and measures antibodies and complement
DAT
98
tesst that is performed in-vitro and measures antibodies and complement
IAT
99
alloantibodies
exposure to something that you do not already have
100
autoantibodies
your own antigens

Immunohematology (5 decks)

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