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Immunohematology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the site of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus

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2
Q

one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

A

allele

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3
Q

a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen (a silent gene such as Jk, Lu, O)

A

amorph or silent allele

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4
Q

the outward expression of genes (blood type) on blood cells.

A

phenotype

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5
Q

a persons genetic make-up

A

genotype

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6
Q

processing different alleles on a gene for a given characteristic

A

heterozygous

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7
Q

possesing a pair of identical genes

A

homozygous

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8
Q

a trait or characteristic that will be expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologus chromosomes

A

dominant

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9
Q

a type of gene that, in the prescence of its dominant allele, does not express itself; expression occurs when it is inherited in the homozygous state.

A

recessive

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10
Q

a pair of genes in which neither is dominant over the other; that is, they are both expressed

A

co-dominant or egalitarian

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11
Q

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength collidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBC’s

A

zeta-potential

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12
Q

what is the “job” of IgG and IgM in terms of bridging the gap between RBC’s?

A

IgM bridges the gap easier because they are larger than IgG

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13
Q

what is the temp reactivity of IgG

A

IgG reacts at 30-37 degrees

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14
Q

what is the temp reactivity of IgG

A

IgM reacts at 4-27 degrees

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15
Q

What is the effect of LISS in the Ag-Ab reaction?

A

The addition of LISS will help the rate of association between antigen and antibody. The rate is increased by lowering the ionic strength.

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16
Q

4 enzymes used in blood bank

A

ficin
papin
trypsin
bromelin

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17
Q

AHG effects and what does it do?

A

useful in detecting IgG and complement

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18
Q

what is dosage?

A

homozygous gives stronger reaction than heterozygous

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19
Q

What is the genotype of a bombay individual?

A

hh

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20
Q

what is the phenotype of a bombay individual?

A

Oh

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21
Q

which precursor type substances for ABH antigens?

A

type 2

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22
Q

name the two stages of RBC agglutination in correct sequence

A
  1. sensitization

2. clumping (agglutination)

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23
Q

the reverse or backside blood typing test detects the presence or abscense of antibodies using what?

A

antibodies using the patients serum/plasma

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24
Q

the forward blood typing test detects what?

A

antigens in the patients RBCs using antisera

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25
Q

Does Lewis cause HDN? why?

A

No

It CANNOT cross the placenta and its not fully developed in a newborn

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26
Q

What antibody most often causes HDFN?

A

Rh (the d)

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27
Q

what are you called if you have no Rh antigens?

A

Rh null

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28
Q

T/F Lewis antibodies are enhanced by enzymes

A

T

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29
Q

T/F Lewis antigens tend to become stronger during pregnancy

A

F they become weaker

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30
Q

T/F Lewis anitbodies usually occur without know RBC stimulus

A

T

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31
Q

T/F Lewis system includes soluble antigens that are present in saliva and plasma with antigenic determinants occurring naturally on the RBC surface

A

F

they are made in the tissue and are not on the RBC surface

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32
Q

T/F Lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR

A

F

they can not cross the placenta and they will convert in a transfusion

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33
Q

T/F the Rh system was the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice

A

F

ABO was first discovered and is the MOST significant for transfusion

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34
Q

T/F Rh Abs react more strongly at 4 C than at 37 C

A

F

IgG likes 37

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35
Q

T/F Rh Abs can cross the placenta

A

T

IgG can cross the placenta

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36
Q

T/F Rh Abs are not a frequent cause of HDN

A

F

they are because they can cross the placenta

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37
Q

Where would we find anit-A1?

A

A 2 B
A 3
A x
A 2

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38
Q

where would you see mixed field agglutination with Anti-A?

A

A 3

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39
Q

What % of caucasians are secretors?

A

80%

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40
Q

where would you find anti-AB antiserum?

A

O blood type

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41
Q

Anti-C will react with an individual with type?

A

any C type

42
Q

when would you do a weak D testing?

A

if the initial spin is negative for a donor

43
Q

what would be a good indication of HDN testing?

A

Serum Bilirubin
DAT (if + do an elution and antibody ID)
cord blood hemoglobin

44
Q

An anti-A lectin used to confirm the Ags on RBCs

A

dolichos biflorus

45
Q

who is a good canidate for Rhogam?

A

Rh negative mothers who deliver Rh positive babies

46
Q

List the H substance demonstrated in order of decreasing reactivity

A

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B

47
Q

Landsteiners Rule

A

Ab are present in plasma only when the corresponding Ag is not present on the RBCs

48
Q

why are cord cells washed?

A

to remove Whartons jelly

49
Q

secretor status test used for H substance

A

inhibition and neutralization tests

50
Q

why is Anti-AB antiserum used in the lab?

A

detection of subgroups of A weaker than A2

51
Q

If you have 2 parents that are A1/A1 and A1/A2 what is the phenotype of their offspring?

A

A

52
Q

If you have MM and MN, which agglutinates more strongly? Why?

A

MM, due to the dosage effect. It affects more strongly in the homozygous state

53
Q

will time have an effect on an Ag/Ab reaction?

A

yes

54
Q

will overcentrifugation cause a false negative in an Ag/Ab reaction?

A

no

it is more likely to give a false +

55
Q

Is a reaction at 4 C clinically significant?

A

no

IgM does not cross the placenta

56
Q

If you decrease serum cell ration does it provide more Ab molecules to the Ag sites available for reaction?

A

no

57
Q

are Lewis Ab clinically significant

A

No

58
Q

can nonsecretors secrete ABO substances regardless of ABO group?

A

no

59
Q

name 2 substances tht can reduce the zeta potential and allow red blood cells to approach each other more closely and be agglutinated

A

Albumin and LISS

60
Q

name 2 influencing factors in Ag Ab reactions

A

temperature
pH
centrifugation

61
Q

The ______ gene is necessary for the expression of the ABO genes

A

H

62
Q

Ulex europeaus is a lectin with ______ specifity, whereas dolichos biflorus is a lectin with ______ specificity.

A

Anti-H

Anti-A

63
Q

genotypes that produce the A1 phenotype

A

A1A1
A1A2
A1O

64
Q

individuals that do not inherit the H gene have the genotype ______ and are said to have the _____ phenotype; they also possess an addtional Ab, _______, in comparison to normal O individuals

A

hh
bombay
anti-H

65
Q

what is the Rh negative genotype?

A

dd

66
Q

react better at 37 then 4 C
cross the placenta
frequently cause HDN

A

IgG

67
Q

if you had the following blood types, which would cause a mixed-field agglutination? AB A1 A3 Ax O

A

A3

68
Q

do some A2 individuals produce anti-A1?

A

Yes-8%

69
Q

where do anti-AB antisera come from?

A

humans with type O blood

70
Q

which is least useful for studying HDN?

A

secretor testing

71
Q

what is the purpose of Rh immune globulin?

A

to prevent sensitization of the Rh negative mother to the baby’s Rh positive blood

72
Q

who can you truly designate Rh negative

A

blood will not react with anti-D

process to weak D testing

73
Q

what would be useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

A

boiled saliva
Ulex europaeus extract
O cells

74
Q

why are O cells good for detecting anti-H?

A

Increased H antigens

75
Q

what causes HDN to occur?

A

maternal cells lack antigen that fetal cells have. that’s what causes sensitization

76
Q

reverse ABO grouping in inadequate in who?

A

newborns

77
Q

name the antisera used in detecting Rh

A 
anti-D
anti-c
anti-C
anti-e
anti-E
78
Q

another namefor the F antigen

A

compound antigen

79
Q

what is present when F antigen is expressed on RBC’s

A

c&e inherited on the same haplotype

80
Q

what will react with anti-F?

A

Dce

81
Q

with R1R1 (DCe/DCe) if given dce, what antibody will most likely form?

A

anti-c

82
Q

which blood group reacts most strongly with anti-H lectin (ulex europaeus)?

A

Group O

83
Q

r

A

dce

84
Q

r’

A

dCe

85
Q

r”

A

dcE

86
Q

ry

A

dCE

87
Q

R’

A

DCe

88
Q

R”

A

DcE

89
Q

RO

A

Dce

90
Q

Rz

A

DCE

91
Q

for 2 RBCs to clump what must happen?

A
  1. Ag and Ab must sensitize

2. agglutination

92
Q

a word that describes a significant difference in antibody reaction strength depending on the amount of corresponding antigen present on a red blood cells.

A

dosage

93
Q

found naturally occuring in IgM Ab produced by some subgroups of A.

A

Anti-A1

94
Q

well developed at birth so one of the main causes of HDN

A

Rh

95
Q

what test is non-invasive and indicates anemia in newborns?

A

MCA-PSV

96
Q

what are the risks of invasive testing when testing for HDFN?

A

infection
increased sensatization
induction of premature labor

97
Q

test that is performed in-vivo and measures antibodies and complement

A

DAT

98
Q

tesst that is performed in-vitro and measures antibodies and complement

A

IAT

99
Q

alloantibodies

A

exposure to something that you do not already have

100
Q

autoantibodies

A

your own antigens

Immunohematology (5 decks)

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