Exam 1 Flashcards by amanda gonzalez

injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity

vaccination

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process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under simulation of chemical substances (chemical taxis)

chemotaxis

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the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced to the body

immunology

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coat bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

opsonins

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factor in serum that are formed in response to foreign substance exporsuree

antibodies

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a foreign substance that induces such an immune response

antigen

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absolute protection against particular diseases associated with species characteristics

nonsusceptibility

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ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

natural immunity

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resistant to infection

immunity

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the study of the noncellular portion of the blood known as serum

serology

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engulfment of cells or articulate matter by leukocyte macrophages and other cells

phagocytosis

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formation of a specific antibody by the host induced by exposure to an infectious agent
EX. chicken pox, Hep B shot

active immunity

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injection of anitbodies derived from another individual

EX. in utero, mothers milk

passive immunity

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transfer of antigen sensitive lymphocytes from an actively immunized donor to a non immune recipient
EX. transfer of cells from one person to another

adoptive immunity

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4 examples of opsions

c-reactive protein
complement components
antibodies (ab,igs)
mannose-binding protein

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end product of T-cell antigen(ag) recognition that regulates the functions of other cells and tissues

lymphokines

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substance administered with and antigen(Ag) that increases the immune response

adjuvant

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under certain condition a foreign antigen(Ag) fails to elicit the formation of antibodies(Ab) in the recipient

immune tolerance

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Where are T-lymphocytes modified and what type of immunity are they responsible for?

modified in the thymus

responsible for cellular immunity.

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Where are B-lymphocytes modified and what type of immunity are they responsible for?

modified in the bone marrow

responsible for humoral immunity

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Are T-lymphocytes or B-lymphocytes predominant in the blood?

T-lymphocytes

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Name 2 types of T-cells

T-helper

T-regulatory

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Which cells differentiate into plasmacells and what do they secrete?

B-cells

antibodies

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primary immune response

occurs when an individual first encounters a foregn antigen(Ag)

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Which immunoglobins are produced in a primary response?

IgM and IgG

secondary immune response

second and susquent contact with the same antigen(Ag) a much faster response occurs

Which immunoglobins are produce in a secondary response?

IgM and IgG (much higher than primary)

name the immunodeficiency disease where a decrease in Ig results in a greater susceptibility to infection

acquired agammaglobinemia

What happens in mutiple myeloma? And what Ig is overproduced?

plasma cell tumors in the bone marrow that over produces a single class of Ig (monoclonal gammopathy)

which fragment in a immunoglobulin molecule directs biological activity?

which fragment in a immunoglobulin molecule possesses antigen binding ablitiy?

FAB

An immunoglobulin light chain will occur as either_____ or ______ but never both.

kappa or lambda

Molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by antibodies it T-cells. Key portion of Ig in which the immune system is directed.

epitope

what is an epitope aka?

determinate site

what molecular wieght or more does an anitgen(Ag) have to be to be recognized?

greater than 10,000

alternate pathway of complement activation

properdin pathway

Name 2 immunoglobulins that can "fix" complement

IgM and IgG

Which complement components are bypassed in the alternate pathway?

C1, C2, C4

What is the third pathway to complement activation called?

lectin pathway

Is the lectin pathway antibody dependent?

no dependent

what is the lectin pathways major constituent?

mannos binding Lectin

Which element holds together the C1 complement component?

calcium

Which element is required for the C2 component to become involved in the cascade?

magnesium

Which complement component is the most abundant?

Null cells, mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure, no surface antigens, unique in NK cells, do not express T or B cell markers

natural killer cells

How many Fc fragmanets are needed to activate complement?

2 ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample

heat to 56 degrees C | age for a few weeks

exist in unrelated plants and animals, are identical or closely related in structure so that antibodies(Ab) to one will cross react with antibodies (Ab) to the other

heterophile antigens

antigen(Ag) found on all nucleated cells in the body that have a key role in the immune response

HLA antigens

What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA antigens?

MHC (major histocompatibilty complex)

substances that are antigenic only when coupled to a protein carrier

haptens

who inoculated a boy with pus from a cow pox lesion then inoculated him with small pox and realized he was immune to small pox?

Jenner

Which phenomenon did Jenner demonstrate?

cross immunity

Mechnikoff is known for first describing what process in the immune response?

phagocytosis

He found that old cultures would not cause cholear in chickens and subsequent injection of more virulent organisms had no effect on the birds that had been previously exposed to the older cultures

Pastur's first attenuated vaccine

5 ways the body has and uses its natural immuinity

1. inflammation (bodies reaction to injury or infection) 2. skin (keeps out microorganisms) 3. phygocytosis (engulfment of cells) 4. lactic acid (secreation maintain pH) 5. lysozymes (attacks bacterial cell wall)

in many secrections (saliva, tears) attacks the cell wall especially gram positives

lysozyme

Is the lysozyme part of the internal or external defense mechanism?

external

increased blood supply to the areas, WBC migration, appearance of acute phase reactants and increases capillary permabiltiy

inflammation

structure formed by the fusion of the engulfed material and enqymatic granules within the phaygocytic cells.

phagolysosome

At what point in phagocytosis is phagolysosome formed?

3rd step

Is capable of further differentiation in the tissues

monocytes become macrophages

Is the primary agent in the defense of the body against parasitic infection

eosinophils

is the primary agent against bacterial infection

neutrophils

is the primary agent against viral infection

lymphocytes

how does normal flora work as a defense mechanism for the body?

competes with pathogens for nutrients

What area is considered to be the equivalent, in humans, as the bursa of Fabricius in birds?

bone marrow

Sheep red blood cells demonstrate rosetting due to which T cell receptor

CD2

Which well-known acute phase reactant is a non-specific indidcatior of inflammation and is known to appear BEFORE antibodies (Ab)?

CRP C-reactive protein

Which class of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus selectively invade?

B-cells

The CD4 antigen(Ag) is found on which subset of T-cells?

helper

Explain the role of memory cells

formed after first exporsure to an antigen to be activated reapidly upon second exposure to the same antigen

which complement component is the cytolytic component?

Which complement component accelerates the process for rapid lysis?

immunoglobulin that is primary in secondary immune response, cross the placenta, immunity for newborns, fixes complement, highest concentration, virus neutrualizing anitbodies

IgG

immunoglobulin first in primary response, largest, first antibody after stimulus, first antibody formed by infants, opsonin, fixes complement, pentameter formed by a J chain, most often formed in response to Gram neg. bacteria

IgM

the main immunglobulin in various body secreations(saliva, tears, sweat, breast milk)

IgA

immunoglobulin responible for allergic reactions, eosinophils, parasitic infections, RAST test, capable of binding to receptors on mast cells and basophils, synonym for reagin, not the same as syphilis reagin

IgE

Immunoglobulin that may play a role in B cell activation, not much is known

IgD

Describe Waldenstroms macrogloubulinemia

overproduction of IgM, non-Hodgkins lymphoma that effects B-cells

Why do kidneys fail in blood transfusion?

Free hemoglobin not picked up fast enough by haptoglobin

What are the most potent phagocytic cells in the tissues?

dendritic cells

Which 2 elements are required for the classical pathway?

Ca and Mg

What is the proper sequence of the complement cascade in the classical pathway?

C1, C4, C2, C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9