exam 3 Flashcards
intra-psychic
within the psyche
intra-psychic theorists
freud and jung
freud and jung concerned with
inner workings
inter-psychic
between psyches
inter psych theorists
adler and Sullivan
adler and sullivan were concerned with
interaction of people
adler was or was not Freuds student
was not
adler established ___ clinics
child guided
instead of Freuds sexual instincts, adler emphasized
inborn social interest
individualized psychology more interested in conscious or unconscious
conscious
individualized psychology is who
adler
individual psychology/adler adopted a ___ approach that emphasizes the effects of ____
teleological, future goals on current behavior
feelings of inferiority
in response to real or imagined disabilities or inadequacies
individual psychology: motivation for
compensating for the feelings of inferiority
striving for superiority
innate drive toward competence and effectiveness
style of life
ways people strive for superiority
style of life is influenced by
first 5 years of life
style of life: parental attitudes determine
healthiness or unhealthiness
healthy style of life
guided by goals that are personal and towards social interest
unhealthy/mistaken style of life
characterized by overcompensation for feelings of inferiority
unhealthy style of life guided by
goals that are self-centered and lack concern for others
therapy goals and techniques of individualized psychology
to replace the mistaken, unhealthy style of life with a healthier, adaptive one
phases of therapy individualized psychology
- establish therapeutic relationship based on trust and confidence
- explore development of clients mistaken life
- develop social interest
strategy of therapy individualized psychology
early recollection
dream interpretation
encouragement
modeling
prescribing symptom
‘acting as if’
adler says humans are innately
social
adler: factors influencing our behavior
social interest
inferiority complex
need to be superior
life goals
social interest
feeling meaningful by working for the interest of others
social interest is expressed only if it is
nurtured
inferiority complex
innate
developed later
need to be superior
people become more efficient
life goals
importance of future
human culture and society
development of individual personality
orientation of emotions and behavior
adler: human beings
instincts, drives, and needs to maintain life and reproduce
social interest
urge in human nature to adapt oneself to the conditions of the social environment
social interest expressed subjectively in
feelings of commonality with others
social interest expressed objectively in
cooperation for betterment of society
social interest expressed only if
nurtured
principle of finalism
we have to look at the future to explain human behavior, not to the past
principle of finalism: purposefulness of
human behavior, teleology
principle of finalism: individuals are oriented toward
future goals
fict-goals
fictions we have created based on our interpretations of the world
assumptions about world
basic motivation for life
striving for superiority
inferiority feelings arise from childhood dependence and lead us to strive for
superiority
striving for superiority: initially associated with _____ but later realized ____
inferiority with femininity
society played a role in perpetuating male dominance
striving for superiority: suggested that masculinity had a negative impact on
men and women
masculine protest is a compensation for
ones inferiority
unique way each individual seeks to cope with environment to develop superiority
style of life
style of life established by
age 5
types of style of life
ruling, getting, avoiding, socially useful
adler family constellation
ones position within the family according to birth order
interprets experience of the organism and establishes a person’s style of life
creative self
adler: the goal of the individual are established, maintained, and pursued by the
creative self
consciousness central to personality
we can understand motives through self-examination
opposite of Freuds emphasis on the unconscious
creative self
adler: neuroses
unrealistic life goals
Alderian psychotherapy goals
establish contact
win confidence of patient
aim to restore patients sense of reality
examine and disclose errors in goals and style of life
cultivate social interest
alders theory stems from
clinical observation
adlers theory primary tools of assessment
three gates to mental life
three ‘gates to mental life’
birth order, early memories, dreams
research on birth order continues
IQ, sibling rivalry
adler emphasized ___ POV rather than empirically
philosophically
adler and freud parted ways and
he developed individual psychology
adler and Sullivans theories were both ___-psychic
inter
to adler, there are several motivating forces under human behavior
need to be superior, inferiority complex
compensation
social interest
life goals
to adler, style of life is
personality
adler create self part of personality which interprets
experience of the organism and establishes a persons style of life
to adler, neurosis was a result of
unrealistic life goals
adler: to understand a person we have to look at
early memories, birth order, dreams
Neo-freudians downplayed importance of
instinctual drives
neo-freudians focused on
social and cultural contribution to personality
Neo-freudians: personality can be affected
by events throughout life
sullivan: role of ___, ____ in personality development
cognition, perception of interpersonal relationships
personality according to Sullivan
the characteristic ways or the manner in which an individual deals with and relates to other people
who believed the way we interact with people are using our personalities
sullivan
sullivan: anxiety is
interpersonal in origin and observable
any painful feeling or emotion that may arise from organic needs or social insecurity
anxiety
anxiety may lead a person to be unaware of
motives and the devices developed to reduce anxiety
security operations
sullivan devices to reduce anxiety (defense mechanism)
different tactics that we have developed throughout life that lead us feeling accepted and secure
security operations
ways to experience the world and relate to others
cognitive processes
proteotoxic experience
no distinction between self and world
characteristics of an infant
parataxic experience
perceive casual relations between events that happen together
characteristics of young child
example of parataxic
parents are arguing, child thinks it is because of them
therapist wants to go on vaca, patient gets upset
syntaxis experience relies on
symbols shaped by other people and on consensual validation, or agreement among persons
characteristic of mature adult
empathy
understanding others’ feelings
parataxic distortions
child cannot go to syntax stage
Sullivans security operations: not aware when we use them, but they are
observable and interpersonal
security operations are healthy if they
help in our interpersonal relations
security operations are unhealthy if
hinder our interpersonal relations
selective inattention is a form of
security operation
failure to observe factors that may cause anxiety in interpersonal situation
selective inattention
as if behavior
act out a false but practical role
expressing emotions in a social acceptable way
sublimation
learning we have problems because we developed security operations that are not functional anymore
sublimation
processes, behavior patterns, pattern of energy transformation that characterize interpersonal relations
dynamisms
flow of energy between people
dynamisms
energy is inherent when
we are born
we all need to be ____ in a group
noticed, accepted, respected
malevolent transformation of personality occurs when
child experiences neglect or abuse
all security operations used to defend the self against anxiety and protect self-esteem
self-system
group feelings, attitudes, and thoughts that arise out of one’s interpersonal experiences
personification
basis of stereotype
personification
result of experiences with rewards and anxiety in childhood
different selfs
different self’s can result in
dissociations of the self; certain experiences being cut from the self
the good-me self
satisfaction with oneself
the bad-me self
organized around experiences to be avoided because they are anxiety producing
the not-me self
aspects of the self that are regarded as dreadful and that cannot be permitted to consciousness
Sullivans 6 stages of development
infancy, childhood, juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence
sullivan: infancy
interpersonal relationships that crystallize around the feeling situation
sullivan: childhood
the development of healthy relationships with one’s parents
sullivan: juvenile era
the need to relate to playmates and same-sex peers
sullivan: preadolescence
chum relationship, the beginning of intimate reciprocal human relationships; could entail overt homosexual genital activity
sullivan: early adolescence
the development of a lust dynamism and a stable heterosexual pattern of sexual satisfaction
sullivan: late adolescence
integration and stabilization of culturally appropriate adult social, vocational, and economic behavior
sullivan psychotherapy
interpersonal process in which one person assists another in resolving problems
sullivan psychotherapy emphasizes
participant observation technique of assessment
Sullivan psychotherapy interview consists of
inception, reconnaissance, detailed inquiry, termination
sullivan psychotherapy: therapist is a
participant observer who establishes an interpersonal relationship and provides opportunity for syntaxic communication
sullivanian therapists attempt to help patients develop
foresight, discover difficulties in interpersonal relations, restore ability to participate in consensually validated experiences
sullivan psychotherapy involves
examining the patient-therapist relationship and dealing with anxiety
sullivan psychotherapy examination of
immediate interpersonal crises
sullivan psychotherapy patient is made aware of
parataxic distortions
sullivan psychotherapy when working with alcoholics search for
co-dependence patterns
constructive reverie
exploration of the future of interpersonal relationships
inception
introduction of the problem
reconnaissance
development of case history through asking questions
phase of therapy when the therapist develops tentative hypothesis about patient
reconnaissance
detailed inquiry
testing of hypothesis developed in previous stage
termination
summarization of what has been learned and prescribing of certain actions
sullivan emphasized ___ approach
scientific
sullivan greatest contribution to psychotherapy
shifting treatment from intra-psychic world of individual to inter-psychic relations of family
sullivan anxiety is a
interpersonal painful feeling or emotion that may rise from organic needs or social insecurity
selective attention: __ behavior
as if
security operations can be healthy or unhealthy depending on
how they affect the interpersonal relations
sullivan: personality or self system is a collection of
all security operations of the person
sullivan: _____ are important in the development of healthy personality
early parental interactions
during pre-adolescence, the ____ relationships are the most important
chum
ways to experience the world and relate to others should go through a cognitive process from
prototoxic, parataxic, syntaxic
karen Horney: social forces within
family
Erich fromm: social forces within
society as a whole
Horney challenges
having a career and children
Horney contemporary to
freud, jung, adler, sullivan
Horney disagreement with freudian perspective led her to establish the association for
advancement of psychoanalysis and American institute of psychoanalysis
Horney: we are born into a helpless state which creates
anxiety
Horney: we have innate needs to be ___ others, _____ others, _____
with, different from, be independent
Horney: we try to reduce anxiety by
moving forward, moving against, moving away from people
Horney: personality is related to
how our basic needs were met by our primary caregivers and their parenting styles
according to Horney, personality is a total of
coping strategies or defenses against basic anxiety and basic orientation toward others
Horney: personality is affected by
relationship between real-self and ideal-self
Horney: in the neurotic individual, the idealized self and real self become
separated
in comparison to Freuds theories, hornets theories more strongly endorse
feminist viewpoints and social forces as explanations of human behavior
women’s feelings of inferiority results from
living in a patriarchal society
horneys viewpoints were very influential in
feminist psychology, parenting styles, on Fromm
Horney ____ approach
sociocultural
horney: humans are ___ beings
social
horney: needs/interpersonal tendencies we are born with
needing others/move toward
needing to be different from others/move against
needing to be independent/move away
Horney: anatomy is not
destiny
womb envy
each gender is jealous of the attributes that belong to the other gender
idealizes self
what a person thinks he or she should be
Horney: basic anxiety
intense feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world
perception of the environment as dangerous and unfair
basic anxiety
negative factors that provoke insecurity
basic evil
parental attitudes can reduce or intensify this basic anxiety, turning it to
neurotic anxiety
basic evil impact of early relationship on
anxiety
Horney: to defend against basic anxiety
adoption of certain interpersonal coping strategies based on inborn tendencies
Horney interpersonal coping strategies
moving toward others
moving against others
moving away from others
uses all strategies to a certain extent
healthy individual
habitually relies only on one
neurotic individual
defense attitudes that become exaggerated or inappropriate strivings
neurotic needs
three types of coping strategies or primary modes of relating
moving toward, moving against, moving away
moving toward
friendly
loving vs compliance
not able to say no
dependence
moving against
competition vs aggression
hostility
moving away
autonomy
serenity vs detachement
neurotic solutions or solutions leading to neurosis
self-effacing solution
self-expansive
resignation
self-effacing solution
exaggerated need for affection and approval
appeal to be loved
self-expansive solution
neurotic need to be admired and to exploit that admiration
attempt at mastery
resignation solution
desire to be free of others
Horney emphasis on parenting lead to parenting research
felt security
parental sensitivity
baumrind’s parenting styles
warmth/support
behavioral control
psychological control
indulgent
authoritarian
authoritative
high on warmth, low on control
indulgent
high on control, low on warmth
authoritarian
high on demand, high on warmth
authoritative
bowlby and __ theory
attachment
Ainsworth and colleagues and the ‘strange situation’ experiment
secure, avoidant, anxious/resistant, disorganized
brain studies related to interpersonal neurobiology
attachment patterns can be changed by altering the synaptic connections
real self
represents what we are; those things that are true about us
idealized self
represents what we think we should be
idealized used as a model to assist us in
developing our potential and achieving self-actualization
the ‘devils pact’
alienation
alienation
identification with the ideal self instead of the real or actual self
feminine psychology
psychology theory that focuses on women’s experiences
woman’s feelings of inferiority results from
living in a patriarchal society
flight from womanhood
due to experiences of social and cultural disadvantages
womb envy against
Freuds penis envy
women have a superior role in sexual life due to
ability to bear and nurse children
impressive achievements of men in creative fields may be seen as
compensations for inability to bear children
Horney: self analysis can assist
normal personality development
ket method
free association followed by reflection
self analysis: greater ____ understanding of patient
inter-personal
horney: used ___ and ___ as her assessment of personality
free association, dream analysis
horney stimulated research in
feminine psychology
hyper-competitiveness
attachment theory
parenting styles
horney was philosophical or scientific
scientific
horney theory reflects deep
philosophical commitments
hyper-competitiveness
individuals would do anything necessary to place themselves in a position of advantage compared to other
fromm: ___ analysis
lay
fromm: humanistic social analysis because
it attempts a synthesis of the thoughts of freud and marx
founder of political psychology
fromm
fromm moved from instinctual approach to
socially determined psychology
fromm: personality is shaped by the way
people relate to each other and by the socio-economic and political structure of the society
fromm said human beings are different from animals because
awareness, connectedness
fromm: humans have several existential needs
relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation, object of devotion, excitation and stimulation
existential needs can be fulfilled or frustrated depending on
economic system
for life: ___ mode
being
for aggression: ___ mode
having
being mode
for life
having mode
for aggression
fromm: human condition basic needs
loneliness is not for human beings
relatedness
transcendence
rootedness
sense of identity
frame of orientation and object of devotion
excitation and simulation
fromm: essential human nature
capacity to be creative, loving, productive
fromm: healthy character orientation
biphilous character orientation
biphilous character orientation
nurturing, caring, serving, giving
fromm: healthy mode of living
being mode
depends on the fact of existing
societies prevent individuals from
realizing their essential human nature
unhealthy character orientation
necrophilous character orientation
necrophilous character orientation
seek to Destry life
unhealthy character orientation emerges when
life forces are frustrated
unhealthy mode of living
having mode
possessions that a person has
personality according to fromm
personality is the totality of inherited and acquired psychic qualities which are characteristics of one individual and make the individual unique
fromm: inherited qualities
temperament
temperament mode of
reaction
fromm: acquired qualities
character
fromm: acquired qualities essentially formed by
person’s early life experience
ethics
the manner in which one relates to the world constitutes the core of their character
fromm: differentiates between two basic types of character
productive orientation
non-productive orientation
productive orientation
fully developed character
aim of human development
non-productive orientation
receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing
non-productive orientation: receptive
expects to receive it from the outside, becomes dependent
non-productive orientation: exploitative
wants to take it from others by force or cunning, due to envy
non-productive orientation: hoarding
jealousy possessive that they do not want their loved ones (possessions) to be shared with others
non-productive orientation: marketing
identity is not in reference to self but in reference to other peoples opinion about self
productiveness
fundamental attitude
mode of relatedness in all realms of human experience
productiveness
mans realization of his potentialities and the use of them
productiveness
use ones power and potency
the person must be free and not dependent on others
use of reason/intuition
use of love
use of reason/intuition: to understand the
essence of things
use of reason/intuition: to break through
the wall which separates one person from another
use of reason/intuition to visualize things
not yet existing
systems of thoughts, works of art, are all created by
a mans productiveness
the most important object of productiveness
man himself
if a person can make a productive use of his powers he may be said to have a ____ character, if not then he as _____ character
productive
non-productive
freedom is a basic human condition that posits a
psychological problem
fromm: as people have gained freedom, normal people have become
characterized by feelings of separation and isolation
according to fromm, ___ separates human nature from animal nature
loneliness
for humans, loneliness leads to
unhappiness
according to fromm freedom is an aspect of human nature due to
our awareness
ways to approach freedom
embrace it, escape it
approach freedom: embrace it
healthy
approach freedom: escape it
root of psychological conflicts
fromm: escape mechanisms
automaton conformity
Authoritarianism
destructiveness
automaton conformity
changing one’s ideal self to conform to a perception of societies preferred type of personality, losing ones true self in the process
Authoritarianism
giving control to oneself to another
destructiveness
any process which attempts to eliminate others or the world as whole
health and happiness relating spontaneously to
love and work
health and happiness: genuinely expressing
emotional, sensual, intellectual abilities
assessment and research in Fromm’s theory have focused on
culture and society and their influence of character
fromm rejected
scientism
fromm: psychology cannot be separated by
philosophy, ethics, sociology, economics
fromm has illuminated our understanding of
culture and society and their influence on personality
freud: will towards
pleasure
horney: will towards
interpersonal interaction and belonging
jung: will towards
integration
adler: will towards
power/competency
sullivan: will towards
feeling socially safe/secure
