Exam 3 Flashcards
What products constitute red meat?
Beef, pork, lamb & mutton, veal
What are the top 4 states in red meat production?
Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas
Name the top 3 poultry companies for processing.
Tyson Foods, Pilgrim’s Pride, Wayne
What is the role of the USDA in the meat industry?
regulate the safety and quality of meat products
What is the difference between inspection and grading?
Inspection: mandatory process; checks if product meets safety standards and is fit for consumption
Grading: voluntary process; evaluates the quality of a product based on criteria such as taste, appearance, and tenderness
What traits are assessed on a beef carcass when grading and where are they located?
Fat thickness (12th rib) - YG
Ribeye area - YG
KPH - YG
HCW - YG
Marbling - QG
Lean Maturity - QG
Skeletal Maturity - QG
Importance of pre-harvest handling
Keep the animals calm
Minimize long term stress
Hold off feed 12-24 hours before transportation and slaughter
Free access to water
How is each animal species stunned before harvest? What does this do for the animal?
Cattle mechanically stunned
-Penetrating (captive bolt)
-Non-penetrating (concussion)
Most hogs electrically or chemically stunned
Humane method making them insensible to pain; prevents needless suffering
What is dressing percentage?
Ratio of dressed carcass weight divided by live animal weight
Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
Genotype - genetic makeup
Phenotype - observable characteristics (genotype + environment)
Define heritability.
The proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetics
Define EBV and explain how it is used in genetic selection of livestock.
Estimated Breeding Value - estimate of an animal’s genetic merit for a particular trait that is passed on to the next generation
EBV equation
h^2 (Pi - µ)
h^2 = heritability of trait
Pi = individual’s performance
µ = mean performance
What is a genome?
Complete set of DNA in an organism
Contains all the information an organism needs to develop, function, and grow
Basic model of genetics
P = G + E + e
-P: observed phenotype
-G: genetic effect
-E: environmental effect
-e: residual effect
Define sustainability/sustainable agriculture.
Avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance
A farming system that aims to: protect the environment, use resources efficiently, meet needs of current and future generations, support economy, and consider social responsibilities
What are the environmental and social issues of concern to animal agriculture?
Soil - loss of structure, compaction, nutrient imbalance, erosion
Water - impaired water quality, algal blooms, dead zones, blue baby syndrome
Air pollution
Climate - greenhouse gas emissions
What percent of the total Greenhouse Gas emissions are caused by agriculture? What factors influence the release of methane in animal agriculture?
10% caused by agriculture
Level of feed intake, type of feed, feed processing
Which two agricultural commodities have the largest impact on carbon footprint and food miles?
Red meat and dairy products
What contributes to air and water quality issues in animal agriculture?
Water - algal blooms, dead zones, blue baby syndrome
Air - handling and storage of manure, gases released from animals and waste
How might air and water quality issues be mitigated or lessened?
Water - match fertilizer type and amount to crop needs
Air - avoiding emissions and sequestrating carbon dioxide
Define aquaculture.
Breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments
What is the difference between aquaculture, fish hatcheries, and commercial fishing?
Aquaculture - domesticated aquatic animals and plants
Fish hatchery - help with breeding to support wild populations at early life stages
Commercial fishing - harvest wild populations without intervention at other life stages
How did aquaculture begin?
Began 8,000 years ago in Australian Aboriginals where they constructed channels and dams to harvest eels throughout the year
Also began ~8,000 years ago in China
~3,500 years ago in North America
How did fish hatcheries begin?
Artificial fish breeding discovered in Germany in 1700s by Stephan Ludwig Jacobi
How does modern aquaculture work in the US?
Currently 50% of world seafood supply and expected to increase
What species are used here in modern aquaculture? Know three different types and the species for each.
Marine invertebrates and seaweed: oysters, clams, mussels, shrimp, seaweeds
Marine fish: salmon, black sea bass, sablefish, yellowtail, pompano
Freshwater fish: catfish, trout, tilapia
What were some key fish in the Great Lakes before environmental degradation?
Arctic Grayling
Brook Trout
Lake Trout
What are the two types of environmental degradation discussed in lecture?
Logging industry
Invasive sea lamprey
Why are aquaculture, fish hatcheries, and commercial fishing needed?
Conservation issues: preserving genes of wild and hatchery-raised fish, restoring fish populations, protecting threatened and endangered fish, etc.
Cultural importance: providing Native American tribes with native recreation fisheries, education, outreach, and research stations
Economic importance: stocks > 100 million fish for sport and conservation, > 8,000 direct jobs, ~$6.3-18.9 billion to US economy
Issues with aquaculture and hatcheries
Genetic: impact to wild populations, inbreeding, lack of diversity
Environmental impacts
Animal welfare
Disease
Hatcheries are not making up for the damage done by not properly conserving habitat
Dairy - Buck
male goat
Dairy Buckling
young male goat that is under one year old and has not been castrated
Dairy Doe
female goat
Dairy Doeling
young female gaot that is less than one year old
Dairy Wether
a male goat castrated before reaching puberty
Meat Billy
male goat
Meat Nanny
female goat
Kid
a baby goat under one year old
Explain why goats and sheep are more efficient for meat production than cattle.
Early puberty
5 month gestation
Usually give birth to twins and triplets
Have the potential to wean more than 100% of their body weight
Summarize the advantages of goats in farming systems.
Grazing can be very beneficial to the environment
Doesn’t have to be hard work
Meat goat breeds
Boer
Kiko
Spanish
Dairy goat breeds
Alpine
Oberhasli
Saanen
Sable Saanen
Toggenberg
Lamancha
Nubian
Nigerian Dwarf
Goat - Johne’s Disease
Chronic, contagious, and usually fatal bacteria infection that affects the small intestine
Contaminated feed, water, bedding, and soiled udders are major ways organism spreads
Goat - Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE)
Chronic infection of the joints and rare occasions in kids under 6 months
Goat - Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
Bacteria that causes abscesses that contain thick yellow-green pus
Once organism enters body, can be transported within cells, animals are infected for life
Typically seen in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues
Goat - Overeating (enterotoxemia)
Commonly associated with heavy concentrate feeding or an abrupt change in the diet
Animals are frequently found dead without symptoms
Ram
intact male ovine
Wether
castrated male ovine
Ewe
female ovine
Lamb
an immature ovine usually less than 14 months of age
Yearling
an ovine usually between 1 and 2 years of age
Sheep (mutton)
an ovine usually greater than 24 months of age
Identify the countries that lead the world in sheep production
China, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, Algeria, Iran, UK, India, Russia, Uzbekistan
Largest sheep producing states
Texas
South Dakota
Ohio
Michigan
Indiana
Explain the difference between terminal and maternal sheep breeds.
Maternal - wool production, reproduction efficiency, milk ability
Terminal - growth and carcass characteristics
Examples of maternal sheep breeds
Rambouillet
Targhee
Merino
Finnsheep
Katahdin
Examples of terminal sheep breeds
Suffolk
Hampshire
Dorper
Fine Wool Sheep Breed
Merino
Rambouillet
Targhee
Long Wool Sheep Breeds
Romney
Lincoln
Medium Wool Sheep Breeds
Dorset
Suffolk
Hampshire
Finnsheep
Polypay
Hair Sheep Breeds
Katahdin
Dorper
American Blackbelly
Explain the concerns of over usage of antibiotics in the production livestock industry.
Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
What is the Veterinary Feed Directive and what is it designed to do?
An amendment to the Animal Drug Availability Act of 1996
Aims to preserve the supply of effective antibiotics; reduce the opportunity of antibiotic resistance develop
Describe how probiotics impact livestock growth and health.
Positive: Digestive health, immune system, growth and feed efficiency, milk production in cattle, and reproductive performance
Negative: Stress responses, methane emissions, and disease incidence in poultry
Different modes of action of probiotics.
Changing the gut microbial population
Nutrient digestion and absorption
Antimicrobial substances
Changing gene activity in harmful micro-organisms
Boosting or adjusting the immune system
From what type of bird did the modern-day chicken evolve?
Southeast Asian Red Jungle Fowl
Broiler
chicken bred for meat
Hen
adult female poultry
Rooster
adult male chicken
Capon
neutered male chicken
Layer
chicken bred to lay eggs
Chick
young chicken
Pullet
immature female chicken
List the top 5 states in egg production (based on layer numbers).
Iowa
Indiana
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Michigan
How often do hens lay an egg, how many eggs per year?
Lay an egg every 24-36 hours
280-320 eggs/year
What is a vertical integration system, and why is it used?
When one company owns every aspect of production
To give a company more control over its supply chain and production processes
How broilers are raised and how long they take to finish
Raised in large, controlled environments where they are given high-quality feed to promote rapid growth
Finished within 7-9 weeks when reach market weight (3-5 pounds)
Top 5 states in broiler production
North Carolina
Georgia
Arkansas
Alabama
Texas
Top 5 states in turkey production
Minnesota
North Carolina
Arkansas
Indiana
Missouri
General understanding of turkey industry
Whole turkey is very small percentage of overall market
Broad Breasted White = White Holland + Broad Breasted Bronze
