Exam 2 Flashcards
Define biosecurity and explain why it is important
Biosecurity is the protection of agricultural animals from any type of infectious agent
Beef - Temperature, Heart Rate, Respiration Rate
Temp: 100.4-103.1F
Heart Rate: 40-70bpm
Respiration: 10-30 breaths/min
Sheep & goats - Temperature, Heart Rate, Respiration Rate
Temp: 102.2-104.9F
Heart Rate: 60-90bpm
Respiration: 12-20 breaths/min
Swine - Temperature, Heart Rate, Respiration Rate
Temp: 100.4-104.4F
Heart Rate: 60-100bpm
Respiration: 8-18 breaths/min
Dairy - Temperature, Heart Rate, Respiration Rate
Temp: 100.4-103.1F
Heart Rate: 40-70bpm
Respiration: 18-28 breaths/min
Horse - Temperature, Heart Rate, Respiration Rate
Temp: 99.5-101.3F
Heart Rate: 28-40bpm
Respiration: 8-16 breaths/min
Things that can be done to improve the biosecurity of events and farms
Understanding disease transmission
Observing animals that are in a stressful environment
Washing and cleaning
6 Nutrients required to support life
Water
Protein
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbohydrates
What is the definition of an animal at “maintenance”?
All the nutrients required for the animal to breath, move, digest food, keep warm, repair tissues, and maintain body weight
What 3 basic functions do nutrients perform?
Structural, Energy, Regulatory
Water requirement for dairy
28-48 gal/d
Water requirement for beef
6-21 gal/d
Water requirement for sheep
1-3 gal/d
Water requirement for swine
2-8 gal/d
Water requirement for horses
5-15 gal/d
Water requirement for poultry (100 birds)
9-15 gal/d
What factors affect water requirements?
Dry matter consumed
Salt in diet
Temperature of the environment
Humidity
Amount of water and protein in the feed
Exercise or work level
What is the primary source of energy for livestock and where is it found?
Carbohydrates
Found in: starch, glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
How do fats and carbohydrates differ?
Fat has more Carbon and Hydrogen in relation to Oxygen
Fat has 2.5 times as much energy as carbs (think calories)
How does protein differ from carbohydrates?
The only macronutrients that contain Nitrogen
What is the difference between macro- and microminerals? Name some of each
Macro minerals are needed in large quantities
Microminerals needed in small
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Water-soluble vitamins
B and C
Protein content of corn
9.1%
Protein content of oats
11.8%
Protein content of soybean
44.5%
Explain the difference between ruminants and monogastrics. Examples of each
Ruminants have four compartments in the stomach
Allows them to chew the cud and digest vegetation without fully chewing it
EX: Cattle, sheep, camels, goats, deer, elk, giraffes
Monogastrics have a single-chambered stomach
Can’t digest cellulose-rich foods like grasses
EX: Swine, horses, dogs, cats, poultry, rabbits
What are the 4 pillars of food security?
Utilization
Availability
Stability
Access
What percentages of countries worldwide are considered developing or developed?
Developing: 80%
Developed: 20%
What are the percentages of food secure and insecure householding in the US?
Food secure: 87.5%
Food insecure: 13.5%
In what ways to do animal products contribute to food security?
Animal products are consumed in every single country
What is the economic impact of the dog and cat industry in the US?
$136.8 billion spent annually
Nutrition: ~58.1 billion
Vet care: ~35.9 billion
Supplies: ~31.5 billion
How many households have cats? Dogs?
86.9 million
List the 7 groups of dogs recognized by the AKC.
Sporting
Hound
Working
Terrier
Toy
Non-sporting
Herding
What breeds are used by the MSU Police Department?
Labs and German Shepherds
Explain the process of domestication in dogs.
People in groups (villages) creates new niche
Bolder, less fearful wolves explore this niche, gain new food source
Wolves become more tolerant of people making it easier for them to survive and reproduce better
Turned into intentional selection for specific roles
Explain the domestication process of cats.
First domesticated in Cyprus (9,500 years ago)
When humans began to farm, cats congregated near stores of grain (following the mice and rats)
Humans tolerated and accepted cats
Commensal relationship with humans
Identify the family, genus, and species of the domestic dog
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: Canis familiaris
Identify the family, genus, and species of the domestic cat
Family: Felidae
Genus: Felis
Species: Felis catus
What is the difference between the human animal bond and human animal interaction?
Bond: special relationship, reciprocal, beneficial to both parties, positive for both
Interaction: any interaction with an animal; observation (zoo), handling for an exam, feeding at a petting zoo, riding someone else’s horse
What nutrients are required by dogs?
20-25% protein
15% fat
Vitamins and minerals
Water
Can have 30-50% carbohydrates
What nutrients are required by cats?
35-45% of diet should be animal protein
10-20% fat
Require additional fatty and amino acids that dogs don’t
Fatty acid: Arachidonic
Amino acid: Taurine
Are cats true carnivores? What are some of their unique nutritional requirements?
Strict carnivores
Require additional fatty and amino acids dogs don’t
Are dogs omnivores or carnivores?
Omnivores
What are some steps to take to prevent the spread of disease from dogs and cats to humans?
Wellness exams
Vaccinations
Parasite control
Identify zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats
Ringworm, rabies
Explain what ringworm is and how it appears should a human contract it.
Fungus
Transmitted by contact with contaminated items or direct contact
Identify the top dairy producing states.
California
Wisconsin
Idaho
Name and describe the major dairy breeds.
Holstein most common
Economics of dairy herd
The largest cost associated with producing milk annually is feed.
How many dairy cattle are in the US?
9 million
How many dairy cattle are in Michigan?
430,000-440,000
What is the average dairy herd size in Michigan?
500
Dairy reproduction
Most dairy cows are bred by AI
A cow should calve every 13 months (economics)
Conception a challenge in high producing cows
Female bred first time by 12-14 months to calve as a 2yr old
Dairy cattle nutrition
Ruminant - roughage and concentrate diets
TMR - mixed to provide all that the animal needs in one complete form
