Exam 1 Flashcards
Understand the contributions that horses and companion animals make (and have made historically) to human society.
-Horses have provided services and goods to benefit humans
-Used not only for emotional support but also agriculture, transportation, and support in war.
-Companion animals not only support business such as vet services and pet supplies
Identify the first modern riding horses, where and by whom they were developed, and the benefits of the breed
Arabians
Nomadic Bedouin people in deserts of Arabian peninsula
Pulled chariots, hauled goods
How are working equid currently used in developing countries?
Agriculture
Transportation
Income generation
Explain the trends of horse numbers in the US from 1911 forward.
1911 - 23 million horses
1946 - 8 million
1959 - 4.5 million
2017 - 7.2 million
Are pets primarily in the US and Europe? What are some possible reasons for pet keeping?
Yes
Unclear
Educational Purposes
Humans have social and material needs
What are some jobs that working dogs do to benefit human society?
-Leader Dogs for the blind
-Paws with a cause
-Therapy Dogs International
-Military (IED/Bomb sniffing dogs)
-Police & Security (drug searches, suspect apprehension, search and rescue)
-Herding (livestock)
Construct a rough timeline of the domestication of animals used for the production of food and fiber.
-Dogs 12,000 years ago
-Sheep, goats, pigs and cattle 9000-7000BC
-Cattle and Buffalo used as draft power 4000BC
-Horses and donkeys 3000BC
-Poultry 2000BC
Turkeys 14th Century
When did humans become omnivorous? What does it mean to be omnivourous?
-2 million years ago
-eats meat and plants
List the advantages or benefits of adding animal products to the diet.
Calories
Amino Acids
Vitamin B12
Milk
Salt
Identify the genus and species of hogs and the pros and cons of raising them to primitive societies.
Sus Scrofa/Sus Domesticus
-adapted well to settlement life
-seek bodily contact
-somewhat easy to handle
-very fertile
-not very gregarious (social)
-Love/hate relationship across cultures (pacific & pacific rim revere; near east forbidden)
Identify the genus and species of cattle and the pros and cons of raising them to primitive species.
Bos taurus and Bos indicus
-herd oriented
-grazers (not browsers)
-fairly fast
-large
Identify the genus and species of horses and the pros and cons of raising them to primitive species.
Equus
-speed & agility
-able to work in concert with humans
-all of their “pros” make them a challenge to domesticate
Identify the genus and species of dogs and the pros and cons of raising them to primitive species.
Canis
-curious
-loyal
-retained juvenile characteristics
Name and describe the eight primary swine breeds in the US
-Berkshire; black with six white points (feet, face, tail), erect ears
-Chester White; white with ears drooped forward
-Duroc; red with ears drooped forward
-Hampshire; black with white belt around forequarters, erect ears
-Landrace; white with ears lopped downward
-Poland China; black with six white points (feed, face, tail) drooped ears
-Spotted; black and white spotted, drooped ears
-Yorkshire; white with erect ears
Sow
A female swine that has farrowed one litter or has reached 12 months of age
Boar
A male intact swine of breeding age
Gilt
A young female swine prior to the time that she has produced her first litter
Shoat
A young pig of either sex
Farrow
To deliver, or give birth to, pigs
Parity
Number of different times a female has had offspring
Identify the top 5 hog producing states in the US
Iowa - 23.8 mil
Minnesota - 9 mil
N. Carolina - 8.5 mil
Illinois - 5.2 mil
Indiana - 4.4 mil
Identify the top 5 hog producing countries in the world.
China - 406.5 mil
EU - 151.11 mil
US - 77.31 mil
Brazil - 37.4 mil
Canada - 14 mil
Identify and describe the 4 segments of the swine industry described in lecture.
- Gestation
- Farrowing/Nursing
- Weaning
- Finishing
Describe the mature size of both boars and sows, gestation length, average litter size, etc.
Boars - 650+ lbs.
Sow - ~600 lbs.
Gestation length - 114 days (Rule of 3)
Average litter size: 8-16 piglets
Estrus - means in heat every 21 days and last ~48 hrs.
What are the 4 main categories of animals that are classified as Equine?
Horses
Mules & Donkeys
Ponies
Miniature Horses
What is the general definition of a pony?
Under 56-58” at the withers at maturity
Know the US number of head of all of the primary species we discuss in class (see table in lecture notes from this lecture)
Swine - 73 mil
Beef - 31.7 mil
Horses - 6.7 mil
Based on lecture, why are the greatest horse numbers associated with the most highly populated areas of Michigan? How many horses are there in MI?
More people means more money to buy horses
188,000 horses in MI
On what type of operations are most Michigan horses housed? Are most kept in stalls, on pastures, or a combo?
15,000 stalled
60,000 pasture
80,000 partial stall
What is the annual economic impact of the horse industry in Michigan?
-Michigan has $4.35 billion in equine related assets
-$280 mil in equine
-$2.6 billion in land
-$743 million in facilities, fences, etc.
-Total annual economic impact $1.069 billion annually
What is the primary type of product produced in the horse industry?
Services, animals and breeding
Be able to define all horse terminology provided.
-Mare: female horse over 3 yrs of age
-Filly: female horse under 3 years of age
-Stallion: intact male horse over 3 years of age
-Colt: intact male horse under 3 years of age
-Foal: horse under 1 year of age of either gender
-Weanling: horse of either gender, weaned from Dam, typically 4-11 months of age
-Yearling: horse of either gender, between 12-24 months of age
-Gelding: castrated male horse
What is a hand? Be able to calculate a horse’s height in hands if given their height at the withers in inches.
Hand: used to measure a horse’s height at the withers
1 hand = 4 inches
Withers are the highest point where the neck joins the horse’s body
Identify the main horse colors provided in lecture if given a description or picture.
-Bay: reddish brown, with black points (lower legs, face, and ears)
-Chestnut: light to dark red, manes and tails typically same color as body, but may also be flaxen (blond)
-Black: true black horse is solid black, no brown hairs, black mane and tail
-Seal Brown: nearly black, with brown hairs around the muzzle, flank and elbow
-Gray: mostly white with speckles of gray/black
Explain the similarities and differences between light horses, draft horses, ponies, miniature horses, donkeys and mules
All are Equus Caballus
-same number of chromosomes
-interbreed easily
-selection pressure has resulted in variation
Draft Horse Breeds
-Belgian
-Clydesdale
-Percheron
Belgian (Draft Horse)
Most numerous, heavy farm use, pulling competition, chestnut coat color
Clydesdale (Draft Horse)
Most recognized, show horse, flashy, feathering on legs
Typically bay
White legs
Percheron (Draft Horse)
2nd most numerous, farm use, black or gray coat color
Draft Horses Description
Field work, pulling competitions, show hitches
Small, relatively stable population in the US
15-18 hands (60-72 inches)
1400-2500 pounds
Light Horse Breeds
-Arabians
-Morgans
-Quarter Horses
-Standardbreds
-Thoroughbreds
Arabians (Light Horse)
Oldest breed, used in development of other breeds, endurance
Known for beauty, intelligence, courage, endurance, and romance
Versatile
Morgans (Light Horse)
Developed in NE US, foundation one horse, multipurpose
Quarter Horse (Light Horse)
Most numerous, developed in SW US, ranch horse, spring racing
Most popular breed in the US (2.5 million head)
Breed originally created to work cattle
Basis for “stock type” horses
Extremely versatile
Standardbred (Light horse)
Harness race horse, very prevalent in MI
Thoroughbred
Racing on the flat and over fences
Most talented athlete
Developed in England over 500 years ago
Used heavily to develop other breeds
Light Horses Description
Riding, show, racing, ranch work
Largest number of horses in the US
13-2 to 17-2 hands
850-1500 pounds
Pony Breeds
-Shetland
-Hackney
-Welsh
-POA’s
Shetland (Pony)
Developed on the Shetland Islands
Worked mines
Most numerous pony in the US
Youth mount
Hackney (Pony)
Coach Horse
Greatest animation in way of going
Show pony
Developed in England
Welsh (Pony)
Developed in Wales
Miniature Arabian
Youth mount
POA’s (Pony of Americas)
Stock type
Developed in US
Youth mount
Miniature Appaloosa
Ponies Description
Youth mounts, pets, show ponies
Small population in the US and is decreasing
Know the normal gestation length for a horse, and the standard date of a horse’s “birthday”
Gestation length - 340 days (11 months)
Birthday - January 1st for all horses
Colostrum
the first milk given by a female after delivery of her young
Dystocia
Rare
Difficult birth
Seasonally Polyestrous
Estrous cycles occurring only during certain seasons of the year
For horses optimum breeding season spring and summer
Coggins Test
Test for Equine Infectious Anemia
Know the difference between the terms “Estrous” and “estrus” and the length of each in the horse.
Estrous cycle - 21 days in length; time it takes for a mare to develop an egg and prepare her reproductive tract for fertilization
Estrus - period when a mare is sexually receptive to a stallion or “in heat”
Weaning Horse
-Age and method varies by breed and owner preference
-Consider growth rate and mental attitude (socialization)
-3-4 months ideal wean age, some may go until 6 months
-Leading and tying; midwest generally pre-weaning; range raised post-weaning
-Group housing/feeding, enhances socialization
Yearling Horse
-Reach puberty at about 18 months of age
-Vaccinations - annual boosters
-De-worming - minimum once per every three months
Mature Horse
-Physiologically mature at 3-4 years
-Maintaining mental and physical soundness is key
-Feeding good quality hay; water; mineralized salt; exercise or reproduction will increase requirements
Geriatric Horses
-Horse 20 and over
-focus on teeth and overall health and feeding
-Lifespan can extend to 30+ years
Identify the general characteristics of a healthy horse.
-Bright expression
-Vital signs normal
-Slick, shiny hair coat, not excessively thick or long
-Hooves in good condition
-Normal movement
-Good appetite
-Body condition score 5-6
Know the vital signs of a normal horse (heart rate, temperature, respiration rate, capillary refill time)
-Temperature: 99-101 F
-Heart Rate (pulse): 28-44 bpm
-Respiration Rate: 8-16 breaths per minute
-Mucous membranes
-Capillary refill time: 2 seconds or less
-Gut sounds
Know the definition of the term “colic” and why it is a concern.
-General abdominal pain
-Three general types
-Impaction: diet-related, water
-Spasmodic: bowel contractions
-Gas: following overconsumption, bowel obstruction
-Number one killer of horses
Have a general understanding of the equine gastrointestinal tract and how it may play a role in the development of colic.
-Limited stomach capacity
-Low amylase production
-Rapid rate of passage
-Hindgut contains microbes
-Food gets stuck, amylase production harder to break down grain, limited stomach capacity
Identify the crude protein requirements for the categories of horses described.
15% protein
Horse Body Condition Score 3 - Thin
-Neck, withers, and shoulder accentuated
-Ribs easily discernable
-Tailhead prominent
-Hip joints prominent but round
Horse Body Condition Score 5 - Moderate
-Desirable score for horses
-Backbone level
-Ribs usually hidden but easily felt
-Withers slightly rounded
-Shoulders blend smoothly
Horse Body Condition Score - 8 Fat
-Difficult to feel ribs
-Thickening of neck
-Along withers and behind should fat
-Fat around tailhead soft
-A fat horse may be more prone to colic, founder and have other metabolic disorders
-Bearing extra weight can also contribute to lameness issues
Bovine
Refers to the subfamily Bovinae (includes cattle, bison, buffalo, & kudu)
Bull
Sexually intact male bovine
Bullock
young bull or bull castrated after sexual maturity
Cattle
Bovine animals, esp. domesticated members of the genus Bos.
Cow
Bovine female that has produced a calf
Heifer
Bovine female prior to producing her first calf
Stag
Bull castrated after sexual maturity
Steer
Bovine male that is castrated before sexual maturity
Name and describe the major beef breeds as presented in class and lab.
Angus, Hereford, Red Angus, Simmental, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Brangus, Limousin, Shorthorn, Beef Master
Be able to identify the top 5 cattle producing states and countries. Remember the difference between numbers, production, and consumption.
States: Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota
Countries: India, Brazil, Pakistan, US, China
Describe the specific segments of the beef industry/beef production cycle (Cow-Calf, Backgrounding, Feedlot, etc.), and the characteristics of each. HINT: there’s an entire slide on this, pay attention to numbers.
-Cow-calf: 0-8 months; weaned and sold to a backgrounder
-Backgrounding: 13 months; backgrounder sells yearling to feedlot for finishing
-Feedlot: 18 months; Feedlot sells finished animal to packer
-Packer: 18-19 months; packer harvest animal and breaks chilled carcass into primal and(or) subprimal cuts
Explain Beef Quality
-Quality Grading: degree of marbling is the major determinant
Marbling related to palatability; juiciness, flavor, tenderness
-Prime, Choice, Select, Standard
-Age can also factor in
Explain Yield Grading
-Yield Grading: estimate of the boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts in a carcass and ranges from ~45 to 55% of carcass weight
-Inverse relationship with quality
-Determined from: carcass weight, external fat thickness (in.), rib eye area (sq. in.), kidney, pelvic, heart fat (KPH) (%)
What are the wholesale primal cuts? Be sure to know where these are located.
-Chuck (shoulder)
-Rib
-Short Loin (Middle Back)
-Sirloin (Back)
-Tenderloin (between sirloin and top sirloin)
-Top Sirloin (under tenderloin and sirloin)
-Bottom Sirloin (under top sirloin)
-Round (very back)
-Brisket (lower shoulder/chest)
-Plate (under rib)
-Flank (under loin)
-Shank (upper leg)
Understand the importance of implanting cattle and the impact it has on the animal and humans.
-Made of natural or synthetic estrogen, testosterone, and(or) progesterone
-Estrogen increases protein accretion; testosterone and progesterone prolong & enhance estrogen effects
-No impact on humans
What are some future issues in the beef indsutry?
-competing proteins
-consumer perceptions
-sustainability and efficiency
-cost of production and price
-food safety
-nutrition and health
-taste and palatability
-convenience
What are some reasons a farmer would cull a cow? What does that mean?
If she cannot reproduce which means she isn’t making money
If you had a spring calving season, make sure you understand the different segments of the beef cow calendar for this. What is the gestation of a cow?
Gestation of a cow is 285 days
Spring calving cows often bred June/July to calve March/April
Most bulls are used for what?
Natural service (pasture mating)
When do heifers get bred and when do they have their first calf?
Bred at 14.5 months to calve at 24 months of age
