Exam 3 Flashcards
_____ occurs when neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their connective fibers
synaptic pruning
which section of the brain plays a central role in processing emotional information
the amygdala
the hippocampus plays a vital role in _____
memory and spacial understanding
research on the relationship between daily hours devoted to screen media and sleep disturbances reveals that ______
it takes fewer screen-time hours to disrupt young children’s sleep than to disrupt the sleep of older children and adolescents
T or F: children who have a nutritionally deficient diet have more attention difficulties
True
Which of the following is not a way to encourage good nutrition in early childhood
forbidding access to sugary food items
Which statement about immunizations and autism is true
numerous large scale studies show no association between the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism
Around what age (in years) do children’s writing show some distinctive features of print, such as separate forms arranged in a line on the page
4 years of age
Remy is 2 years old, he is most likely to be able to _____
push a riding toy with his feet
Raina and Enrico want to provide their 3-year-old daughter with experiences that promote her motor development. They can best do so by _____
encouraging every day active play and providing access to play spaces with appropriate equipment
Anya, age 4, is asked to draw a picture of a person. She will probably _____
draw a circular shape with lines attached and add features such as eyes, nose, mouth, and hair
According to Piaget, the most obvious change du ring the preoperational stage is the increase in ______
representational activity
Three-year-olds Artie and Kurt had identical boxes of raisins at snack time. When Kurt poured his raisins out onto the table, Artie was sure that Kurt had more raisins. This demonstrates that Artie lacks _____
conservation
As Sunni plays, she says, “Where’s the cup? I want the cup. Oh, there it is. Now I need the spoon.” Sunni is engaging in what Vygotskyian researchers call ______ speech
private
Children are most likely to use private speech when tasks are _______
moderately challenging
T or F: the permissive child-rearing style is warm and accepting but uninvolved
True
T or F: based on research conducted by James Heckman, he estimates that high quality early childcare programs could return $7 for every dollar invested
True
Children participating in high-quality preschool and/or pre-kindergarten are more likely to display which of the following… (compared to children not participating)
All of the above. (Improved earnings as an adult, better academic achievement, decreased chance for special education placement or grade retention)
T or F: there is some evidence that North Carolinas Pre-K program may be more beneficial to at-risk populations, such as dual-language learners
True
Classrooms with high levels of positive affect, regard for students perspectives, and teachers who sensitively respond to children’s needs are characterized by the CLASS as high in ______
Emotional Support
T or F: nearly 50% of infant and toddler childcare programs are of good quality
False
ZPD
zone of proximal development
define the zone of proximal development
the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.
What is receptive language
it is the receiving/understanding of language
What is expressive language
it is the expressing/speaking of language
define scaffolding
scaffolding is a teaching strategy where teachers offer a particular kind of support to students as they learn and develop a new concept or skill (ex- asking about existing knowledge, encouraging comments, pointing, asking follow-up questions, etc)
2 ways to help scaffold a child that is doing a puzzle
“Where do you think this piece goes?” (potentially point in the general area of the correct location to scaffold further)
“Oo what does it mean when the puzzle piece is flat on one side?”
“What part of the picture does the image on this piece look like?”
2 characteristics of first friendships in early childhood
similar interests, stable interactions, and giving of praise
Define and Describe 2 characteristics of Piaget’s preoperational stage
1) egocentrism = highlights toddlers’ inability to see other people’s perspectives or look beyond their own experience (ex- screaming in restaurants when they are upset because they only understand their feelings at that moment, not everyone else in the restaurant)
2) irreversibility = highlights toddlers’ inability to understand that actions can be un-done (ex- refusing to eat a sandwich that accidentally got tomato put on it even after the tomato has been removed or getting upset when water is poured from one glass into another because they do not understand it can be put back to the other glass if needed)
What is one consequence on child development related to viewing violent TV or video games as a young child
it increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions
Describe two ways the environment can influence gender typing in early child development
Home environment = parents giving boys toys that stress action and competition (race cars, footballs, etc) and girls toys that promote nurturance and physical attractiveness (dolls, tea sets, jewelry/makeup)
School environment = Teachers use language and word choice that separate students by gender and often give more attention to boys (both positive and negative)
define assistive technology
any device that enables children to do something they would not be able to do on their own
What is one advantage of access to quality preschool
increased literacy
How should a parent respond to a child with aggressive behavior as an alternative to harsh punishment?
time out to calm down and then come back and discuss options calmly, giving them choices gives a sense of control and helps create a relationship where they feel that their opinions matter
Why does toby talk to himself while he plays and what should you tell his parents about why it is ok?
Toby talking to himself shows advancements in cognitive development as the child is walking himself through the steps of play
