Exam 3

Question 1

_____ occurs when neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their connective fibers

Answer 1

synaptic pruning

Question 2

which section of the brain plays a central role in processing emotional information

Answer 2

the amygdala

Question 3

the hippocampus plays a vital role in _____

Answer 3

memory and spacial understanding

Question 4

research on the relationship between daily hours devoted to screen media and sleep disturbances reveals that ______

Answer 4

it takes fewer screen-time hours to disrupt young children’s sleep than to disrupt the sleep of older children and adolescents

Question 5

T or F: children who have a nutritionally deficient diet have more attention difficulties

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Which of the following is not a way to encourage good nutrition in early childhood

Answer 6

forbidding access to sugary food items

Question 7

Which statement about immunizations and autism is true

Answer 7

numerous large scale studies show no association between the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism

Question 8

Around what age (in years) do children’s writing show some distinctive features of print, such as separate forms arranged in a line on the page

Answer 8

4 years of age

Question 9

Remy is 2 years old, he is most likely to be able to _____

Answer 9

push a riding toy with his feet

Question 10

Raina and Enrico want to provide their 3-year-old daughter with experiences that promote her motor development. They can best do so by _____

Answer 10

encouraging every day active play and providing access to play spaces with appropriate equipment

Question 11

Anya, age 4, is asked to draw a picture of a person. She will probably _____

Answer 11

draw a circular shape with lines attached and add features such as eyes, nose, mouth, and hair

Question 12

According to Piaget, the most obvious change du ring the preoperational stage is the increase in ______

Answer 12

representational activity

Question 13

Three-year-olds Artie and Kurt had identical boxes of raisins at snack time. When Kurt poured his raisins out onto the table, Artie was sure that Kurt had more raisins. This demonstrates that Artie lacks _____

Answer 13

conservation

Question 14

As Sunni plays, she says, “Where’s the cup? I want the cup. Oh, there it is. Now I need the spoon.” Sunni is engaging in what Vygotskyian researchers call ______ speech

Answer 14

private

Question 15

Children are most likely to use private speech when tasks are _______

Answer 15

moderately challenging

Question 16

T or F: the permissive child-rearing style is warm and accepting but uninvolved

Answer 16

True

Question 17

T or F: based on research conducted by James Heckman, he estimates that high quality early childcare programs could return $7 for every dollar invested

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Children participating in high-quality preschool and/or pre-kindergarten are more likely to display which of the following… (compared to children not participating)

Answer 18

All of the above. (Improved earnings as an adult, better academic achievement, decreased chance for special education placement or grade retention)

Question 19

T or F: there is some evidence that North Carolinas Pre-K program may be more beneficial to at-risk populations, such as dual-language learners

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Classrooms with high levels of positive affect, regard for students perspectives, and teachers who sensitively respond to children’s needs are characterized by the CLASS as high in ______

Answer 20

Emotional Support

Question 21

T or F: nearly 50% of infant and toddler childcare programs are of good quality

Answer 21

False

Question 22

ZPD

Answer 22

zone of proximal development

Question 23

define the zone of proximal development

Answer 23

the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.

Question 24

What is receptive language

Answer 24

it is the receiving/understanding of language

Question 25

What is expressive language

Answer 25

it is the expressing/speaking of language

Question 26

define scaffolding

Answer 26

scaffolding is a teaching strategy where teachers offer a particular kind of support to students as they learn and develop a new concept or skill (ex- asking about existing knowledge, encouraging comments, pointing, asking follow-up questions, etc)

Question 27

2 ways to help scaffold a child that is doing a puzzle

Answer 27

“Where do you think this piece goes?” (potentially point in the general area of the correct location to scaffold further)
“Oo what does it mean when the puzzle piece is flat on one side?”
“What part of the picture does the image on this piece look like?”

Question 28

2 characteristics of first friendships in early childhood

Answer 28

similar interests, stable interactions, and giving of praise

Question 29

Define and Describe 2 characteristics of Piaget’s preoperational stage

Answer 29

1) egocentrism = highlights toddlers’ inability to see other people’s perspectives or look beyond their own experience (ex- screaming in restaurants when they are upset because they only understand their feelings at that moment, not everyone else in the restaurant)
2) irreversibility = highlights toddlers’ inability to understand that actions can be un-done (ex- refusing to eat a sandwich that accidentally got tomato put on it even after the tomato has been removed or getting upset when water is poured from one glass into another because they do not understand it can be put back to the other glass if needed)

Question 30

What is one consequence on child development related to viewing violent TV or video games as a young child

Answer 30

it increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions

Question 31

Describe two ways the environment can influence gender typing in early child development

Answer 31

Home environment = parents giving boys toys that stress action and competition (race cars, footballs, etc) and girls toys that promote nurturance and physical attractiveness (dolls, tea sets, jewelry/makeup)

School environment = Teachers use language and word choice that separate students by gender and often give more attention to boys (both positive and negative)

Question 32

define assistive technology

Answer 32

any device that enables children to do something they would not be able to do on their own

Question 33

What is one advantage of access to quality preschool

Answer 33

increased literacy

Question 34

How should a parent respond to a child with aggressive behavior as an alternative to harsh punishment?

Answer 34

time out to calm down and then come back and discuss options calmly, giving them choices gives a sense of control and helps create a relationship where they feel that their opinions matter

Question 35

Why does toby talk to himself while he plays and what should you tell his parents about why it is ok?

Answer 35

Toby talking to himself shows advancements in cognitive development as the child is walking himself through the steps of play