Exam 2

Question 1

how do toddlers develop vocabulary?

Answer 1

most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through preschool years

Question 2

a child using the word “close” to refer to closing a book, turning off the lights, and tying shoelaces, is an example of what

Answer 2

underextension

Question 3

the transition from a baby observing their caregiver play peek-a-boo with them to the baby and caregiver taking turns playing together, helps a child…

Answer 3

understand the turn-taking pattern of human conversation

Question 4

research indicates that make-believe play is…

Answer 4

a major means through which children extend their cognitive and social skills

Question 5

four month old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size, this means that michaela is able to…

Answer 5

categorize

Question 6

habituation research demonstrates that infants…

Answer 6

learn and retain information just by watching objects and events

Question 7

a babies inability (ex- Parker) to find a pacifier under a cup after continually finding it hidden behind a pillow, is a testament to what

Answer 7

as infants, children/Parker is not yet able to make an accurate A-B search

Question 8

At 6 months, Annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way. By 12 months, she tossed objects, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air. Annabelle’s modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of…

Answer 8

accomodation

Question 9

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants…

Answer 9

“think” with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment

Question 10

what concept involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging adaptive functioning

Answer 10

goodness of fit

Question 11

what statement about temperament is true?

Answer 11

it refers to early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Question 12

Baby Dak quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. Dak would be classified by Thomas and Chess as…

Answer 12

easy

Question 13

what are examples of self-conscious emotions

Answer 13

shame and embarassment

Question 14

When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, the baby begins to cry and struggle to get down. Louisa is exhibiting…

Answer 14

stranger anxiety

Question 15

basic emotions…

Answer 15

are universal in humans

Question 16

how does sleep change from birth to 18 months?

Answer 16

infants begin to have sleep patterns more like adults, with the amount of REM sleep occurring each day decreasing and transitioning to more just at night, plus sleep cues start depending less on hunger and more on light

Question 17

two things that are good for new parents to know about infant sleep distributions

Answer 17

infant sleep is cued by hunger, not light, so maintaining a consistent nightly schedule and feeding routines can really help keep a more peaceful nighttime for parents

Question 18

recommendation regarding co-sleeping

Answer 18

get a slightly elevated and firm sleeping platform for your infant to sleep on on your bed to remove risks of SIDS and so you dont have to worry about rolling onto the infant while you are sleeping

Question 19

recommendations regarding SIDS

Answer 19

remove all fluffy bedding and toys from the crib, minimize the infants exposure to second-hand smoke

Question 20

is it true that babies fed with formula are more likely to be obese as adults?

Answer 20

yes, because due to deficits in nutrients and the way it can upset babies tummies, formula often ends up having babies drink more than if they are drinking breastmilk

Question 21

health benefits of breastfeeding for mother

Answer 21

releases serotonin, helps contract uterus to recover from childbirth

Question 22

T or F: infants and toddlers who participate in screen media viewing or usage, directly transfer learning to real-world application

Answer 22

false

Question 23

which of the following practices affords greater learning and cognitive development for toddlers related to media use?

Answer 23

toddlers learn best by watching educational media with caregivers who engage in verbal interaction

Question 24

secure attachment

Answer 24

use parents as secure base and actively seek contact w/ parents when they return after being gone

Question 25

avoidant attachment

Answer 25

seemingly unresponsive to parents and slow to greet parents when they return after being gone

Question 26

resistant attachment

Answer 26

seeks closeness to parents and acts distressed/angry when parents return after being gone

Question 27

disorganized attachment

Answer 27

reflects the greatest insecurity, often show confused, contradictory behavior when parents return after being gone

Question 28

assimilation

Answer 28

using current schemas to interpret the environment

Question 29

adaptation

Answer 29

building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

Question 30

accommodation

Answer 30

creating new or adjusting old schemes to better capture environment

Question 31

schema

Answer 31

mental views

Question 32

list an infant characteristic, a home environment characteristic, and an interaction characteristic that impacts attachment and the known association with attachment that they each have

Answer 32

1) an infant with a difficult temperament- greater strain and difficulty when it comes to the parent providing positivity and love during interactions (less positive interactions)
2) home of divorce- more chaotic day to day and more instability when it comes to having access to parents (higher stress attachment)
3) interactions are primarily with a depressed parent- still face- lack of excitement and positivity within interactions

Question 33

2 benefits of breastfeeding for the child

Answer 33

antibodies are transferred from the mother’s breast milk, there are better and more easily digestible nutrients for the baby, and it reduces the likelihood of obesity in adulthood

Question 34

2 environmental factors that promote cognitive development

Answer 34

toddler-led learning, positive caregiver interactions, stimulating home environment for the baby to engage with