Exam 2 Flashcards
how do toddlers develop vocabulary?
most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through preschool years
a child using the word “close” to refer to closing a book, turning off the lights, and tying shoelaces, is an example of what
underextension
the transition from a baby observing their caregiver play peek-a-boo with them to the baby and caregiver taking turns playing together, helps a child…
understand the turn-taking pattern of human conversation
research indicates that make-believe play is…
a major means through which children extend their cognitive and social skills
four month old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size, this means that michaela is able to…
categorize
habituation research demonstrates that infants…
learn and retain information just by watching objects and events
a babies inability (ex- Parker) to find a pacifier under a cup after continually finding it hidden behind a pillow, is a testament to what
as infants, children/Parker is not yet able to make an accurate A-B search
At 6 months, Annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way. By 12 months, she tossed objects, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air. Annabelle’s modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of…
accomodation
In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, infants…
“think” with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment
what concept involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging adaptive functioning
goodness of fit
what statement about temperament is true?
it refers to early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation
Baby Dak quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. Dak would be classified by Thomas and Chess as…
easy
what are examples of self-conscious emotions
shame and embarassment
When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, the baby begins to cry and struggle to get down. Louisa is exhibiting…
stranger anxiety
basic emotions…
are universal in humans
how does sleep change from birth to 18 months?
infants begin to have sleep patterns more like adults, with the amount of REM sleep occurring each day decreasing and transitioning to more just at night, plus sleep cues start depending less on hunger and more on light
two things that are good for new parents to know about infant sleep distributions
infant sleep is cued by hunger, not light, so maintaining a consistent nightly schedule and feeding routines can really help keep a more peaceful nighttime for parents
recommendation regarding co-sleeping
get a slightly elevated and firm sleeping platform for your infant to sleep on on your bed to remove risks of SIDS and so you dont have to worry about rolling onto the infant while you are sleeping
recommendations regarding SIDS
remove all fluffy bedding and toys from the crib, minimize the infants exposure to second-hand smoke
is it true that babies fed with formula are more likely to be obese as adults?
yes, because due to deficits in nutrients and the way it can upset babies tummies, formula often ends up having babies drink more than if they are drinking breastmilk
health benefits of breastfeeding for mother
releases serotonin, helps contract uterus to recover from childbirth
T or F: infants and toddlers who participate in screen media viewing or usage, directly transfer learning to real-world application
false
which of the following practices affords greater learning and cognitive development for toddlers related to media use?
toddlers learn best by watching educational media with caregivers who engage in verbal interaction
secure attachment
use parents as secure base and actively seek contact w/ parents when they return after being gone
avoidant attachment
seemingly unresponsive to parents and slow to greet parents when they return after being gone
resistant attachment
seeks closeness to parents and acts distressed/angry when parents return after being gone
disorganized attachment
reflects the greatest insecurity, often show confused, contradictory behavior when parents return after being gone
assimilation
using current schemas to interpret the environment
adaptation
building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
accommodation
creating new or adjusting old schemes to better capture environment
schema
mental views
list an infant characteristic, a home environment characteristic, and an interaction characteristic that impacts attachment and the known association with attachment that they each have
1) an infant with a difficult temperament- greater strain and difficulty when it comes to the parent providing positivity and love during interactions (less positive interactions)
2) home of divorce- more chaotic day to day and more instability when it comes to having access to parents (higher stress attachment)
3) interactions are primarily with a depressed parent- still face- lack of excitement and positivity within interactions
2 benefits of breastfeeding for the child
antibodies are transferred from the mother’s breast milk, there are better and more easily digestible nutrients for the baby, and it reduces the likelihood of obesity in adulthood
2 environmental factors that promote cognitive development
toddler-led learning, positive caregiver interactions, stimulating home environment for the baby to engage with
