Exam 1 Flashcards
the 3 domains of development
physical, cognitive, social/emotional
social/emotional domain of development
relationships, emotional regulation, etc.
cognitive domain of development
memory, coordination, etc.
physical domain of development
growth, motor skills, etc.
Periods of Development
Prenatal, Infancy/Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood
Prenatal time period
conception to birth
Infancy/Toddlerhood time period
Birth to 2 years
Early Childhood time period
2 to 6 years
Middle Childhood time period
6 to 11 years
Adolescence time period
11 to 18 years
Emerging adulthood time period
18 years to mid 20s
theory definition
an integrated, orderly set of statements that describe, explain, and predict behavior
3 basic issues in the field of development
Continuous vs Discontinuous,
One Course vs Many Possible Courses,
Nature vs Nurture
resilience definiton
the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
influencers of development
personal characteristics, positive relationships, social support, resources, and opportunities
promotive factors definiton
social, environmental and individual factors that are associated with generally better outcomes at any level of risk
4 Historical Views of Child Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial stages,
Behaviorism,
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development,
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Ethology
the study of adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history (traced to Darwin)
4 components of the Bioecological Model
Process (interactions are bidirectional)
Person (individual characteristics)
Context (micro, meso, exo and macro systems)
Time (length of interactions)
development is a ________
dynamic system
genotype
genetic makeup
phenotype
observable traits
chromosomes are made up of ____
DNA (which is made up of genes)
humans have how many pairs of chromosomes
23
protein coding genes
lie along chromosomes and are the biological foundations on which our characteristics are built
regulator genes
regulate gene expression (of one or more genes)
humans are __% genetically identical
99.9
meiosis
the process of cell division use to create gametes (sex cells)
zygote
fertilized egg (formed when sperm and ovum unite, creating a new set of 46 chromosomes/23 pairs)
alleles
either dominant or recessive, determine physical traits as well as disabilities and diseases
homozygous
when an individual has 2 of the same allele for a trait (ex- brown hair alleles from both parents)
heterozygous
when an individual has only one allele for a certain trait (ex- one brown hair allele and one blonde)
mutation definition
a sudden permanent change in a DNA segment
somatic mutation
when natural body cells mutate
germline mutation
when defective DNA is passed down genetically
reproductive choices/resources
genetic counseling, reproductive technology (insemination or surrogacy), adoption, etc.
pedigree definition
a family tree that identifies affected relatives and estimates the likelihood of defects
Microsystem
direct influences on development (interactions between parent and child, socioeconomic status, school system etc.)
Mesosystem
the interactions between microsystems such as home and school environments (curriculum, transportation, resources, etc.)
Exosystem
The outward environment that indirectly impacts development (community)
Macrosystem
overarching influences such as laws, policies, and cultural norms
what percent of US children live in poverty
18%
what percent of US adults plan to or have children
90%
advantages of child rearing
love, continuation of family lineage and name, sense of accomplishment, etc.
disadvantages of child rearing
financial, career, and relationship strain, plus constant worry for child safety
female reproductive organs
eggs, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
fertilization process
a zygote is fertilized in the fallopian tube, blastocyst (mass of cells) is developed, and 7-9 days later implants in the uterus
Germinal Period time frame
0-2 weeks
Germinal Period traits
fertilization, formation of zygote, implantation, amniotic fluid, start of placenta and umbilical cord
Embryonic Period time frame
3-8 weeks
Embryonic Period traits
nervous system, internal organs, muscles, and skeleton begin to form, as well as eyes, nose, and mouth. heart begins beating, neurons begin producing, and the embryo can move
Fetal Period time frame
9 weeks to birth
Fetal Period traits
bodily systems become organized and connected, sex becomes evident, movement can be felt by the mother, reacts to outside stimuli, age of viability comes ~25 weeks, lungs mature
teratogens
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
teratogen examples
radiation, alcohol, drugs, tobacco, pollution
Jessica believes that development takes place in stages where children change rapidly as they step up to a new level and then change very little for a while. Jessica views development as…
Discontinuous
Theories are vital tools because they…
provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children
The most consistent asset of resilient children is…
a strong bond with a competent, caring adult
At home, Pauls parents hit him as a punishment for misbehavior. At school, Paul angrily hits his playmate who takes his toy. This behavior is best explained by…
Bandura’s social learning theory
Which of the following best describes Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological model?
interactions, context, and individual characteristics shape development
According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory…
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
an individuals ______ is affected by their lifelong history of experiences
phenotype
why can humans be about 99.6% genetically identical and still exhibit different characteristics?
even a single difference in a DNA base pair can influence many different traits
what solution is there for couples who are scared of potential genetic disorders being passed down to their children?
genetic counseling
affluent parents…
too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development
Malik, a musically talented youngster, joins the school orchestra and practices his cello every day. This is an example of _____ gene-environment correlation
active
In a kinship study of intelligence, which sibling pairs are most likely to share a high correlation?
identical twins
most adopted children…
fair well despite the risks associated with their more problematic childhood experiences
T or F: one example that Americans cite about the disadvantages of parenthood is reduced time with your partner
true
T or F: one example that Americans cite about the advantages of parenthood is strengthening the couple relationship through a shared project
true
at 2 months pregnant, how are food and oxygen delivered to the developing organism?
the placenta
the heart begins to develop during…
the embryonic period
Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical: thin upper lip, short eyelid openings, a small head, smooth philtrum
Development: slow growth, memory, attention, and coordination impairment
passive smoking is related to…
low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnessess
Which prenatal period is the most exposed to serious defects from teratogens
embryonic periodq
