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Infant and Child Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 domains of development

A

physical, cognitive, social/emotional

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2
Q

social/emotional domain of development

A

relationships, emotional regulation, etc.

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3
Q

cognitive domain of development

A

memory, coordination, etc.

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4
Q

physical domain of development

A

growth, motor skills, etc.

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5
Q

Periods of Development

A

Prenatal, Infancy/Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood

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6
Q

Prenatal time period

A

conception to birth

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7
Q

Infancy/Toddlerhood time period

A

Birth to 2 years

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8
Q

Early Childhood time period

A

2 to 6 years

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9
Q

Middle Childhood time period

A

6 to 11 years

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10
Q

Adolescence time period

A

11 to 18 years

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11
Q

Emerging adulthood time period

A

18 years to mid 20s

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12
Q

theory definition

A

an integrated, orderly set of statements that describe, explain, and predict behavior

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13
Q

3 basic issues in the field of development

A

Continuous vs Discontinuous,
One Course vs Many Possible Courses,
Nature vs Nurture

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14
Q

resilience definiton

A

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

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15
Q

influencers of development

A

personal characteristics, positive relationships, social support, resources, and opportunities

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16
Q

promotive factors definiton

A

social, environmental and individual factors that are associated with generally better outcomes at any level of risk

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17
Q

4 Historical Views of Child Development

A

Erikson’s Psychosocial stages,
Behaviorism,
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development,
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

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18
Q

Ethology

A

the study of adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history (traced to Darwin)

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19
Q

4 components of the Bioecological Model

A

Process (interactions are bidirectional)
Person (individual characteristics)
Context (micro, meso, exo and macro systems)
Time (length of interactions)

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20
Q

development is a ________

A

dynamic system

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21
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

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22
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits

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23
Q

chromosomes are made up of ____

A

DNA (which is made up of genes)

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24
Q

humans have how many pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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25
Q

protein coding genes

A

lie along chromosomes and are the biological foundations on which our characteristics are built

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26
Q

regulator genes

A

regulate gene expression (of one or more genes)

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27
Q

humans are __% genetically identical

A

99.9

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28
Q

meiosis

A

the process of cell division use to create gametes (sex cells)

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29
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg (formed when sperm and ovum unite, creating a new set of 46 chromosomes/23 pairs)

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30
Q

alleles

A

either dominant or recessive, determine physical traits as well as disabilities and diseases

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31
Q

homozygous

A

when an individual has 2 of the same allele for a trait (ex- brown hair alleles from both parents)

32
Q

heterozygous

A

when an individual has only one allele for a certain trait (ex- one brown hair allele and one blonde)

33
Q

mutation definition

A

a sudden permanent change in a DNA segment

34
Q

somatic mutation

A

when natural body cells mutate

35
Q

germline mutation

A

when defective DNA is passed down genetically

36
Q

reproductive choices/resources

A

genetic counseling, reproductive technology (insemination or surrogacy), adoption, etc.

37
Q

pedigree definition

A

a family tree that identifies affected relatives and estimates the likelihood of defects

38
Q

Microsystem

A

direct influences on development (interactions between parent and child, socioeconomic status, school system etc.)

39
Q

Mesosystem

A

the interactions between microsystems such as home and school environments (curriculum, transportation, resources, etc.)

40
Q

Exosystem

A

The outward environment that indirectly impacts development (community)

41
Q

Macrosystem

A

overarching influences such as laws, policies, and cultural norms

42
Q

what percent of US children live in poverty

A

18%

43
Q

what percent of US adults plan to or have children

A

90%

44
Q

advantages of child rearing

A

love, continuation of family lineage and name, sense of accomplishment, etc.

45
Q

disadvantages of child rearing

A

financial, career, and relationship strain, plus constant worry for child safety

46
Q

female reproductive organs

A

eggs, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

47
Q

fertilization process

A

a zygote is fertilized in the fallopian tube, blastocyst (mass of cells) is developed, and 7-9 days later implants in the uterus

48
Q

Germinal Period time frame

A

0-2 weeks

49
Q

Germinal Period traits

A

fertilization, formation of zygote, implantation, amniotic fluid, start of placenta and umbilical cord

50
Q

Embryonic Period time frame

A

3-8 weeks

51
Q

Embryonic Period traits

A

nervous system, internal organs, muscles, and skeleton begin to form, as well as eyes, nose, and mouth. heart begins beating, neurons begin producing, and the embryo can move

52
Q

Fetal Period time frame

A

9 weeks to birth

53
Q

Fetal Period traits

A

bodily systems become organized and connected, sex becomes evident, movement can be felt by the mother, reacts to outside stimuli, age of viability comes ~25 weeks, lungs mature

54
Q

teratogens

A

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

55
Q

teratogen examples

A

radiation, alcohol, drugs, tobacco, pollution

56
Q

Jessica believes that development takes place in stages where children change rapidly as they step up to a new level and then change very little for a while. Jessica views development as…

A

Discontinuous

57
Q

Theories are vital tools because they…

A

provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children

58
Q

The most consistent asset of resilient children is…

A

a strong bond with a competent, caring adult

59
Q

At home, Pauls parents hit him as a punishment for misbehavior. At school, Paul angrily hits his playmate who takes his toy. This behavior is best explained by…

A

Bandura’s social learning theory

60
Q

Which of the following best describes Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological model?

A

interactions, context, and individual characteristics shape development

61
Q

According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory…

A

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

62
Q

an individuals ______ is affected by their lifelong history of experiences

A

phenotype

63
Q

why can humans be about 99.6% genetically identical and still exhibit different characteristics?

A

even a single difference in a DNA base pair can influence many different traits

64
Q

what solution is there for couples who are scared of potential genetic disorders being passed down to their children?

A

genetic counseling

65
Q

affluent parents…

A

too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development

66
Q

Malik, a musically talented youngster, joins the school orchestra and practices his cello every day. This is an example of _____ gene-environment correlation

A

active

67
Q

In a kinship study of intelligence, which sibling pairs are most likely to share a high correlation?

A

identical twins

68
Q

most adopted children…

A

fair well despite the risks associated with their more problematic childhood experiences

69
Q

T or F: one example that Americans cite about the disadvantages of parenthood is reduced time with your partner

A

true

70
Q

T or F: one example that Americans cite about the advantages of parenthood is strengthening the couple relationship through a shared project

A

true

71
Q

at 2 months pregnant, how are food and oxygen delivered to the developing organism?

A

the placenta

72
Q

the heart begins to develop during…

A

the embryonic period

73
Q

Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Physical: thin upper lip, short eyelid openings, a small head, smooth philtrum
Development: slow growth, memory, attention, and coordination impairment

74
Q

passive smoking is related to…

A

low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnessess

75
Q

Which prenatal period is the most exposed to serious defects from teratogens

A

embryonic periodq

Infant and Child Development (4 decks)

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