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Infant and Child Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 domains of development

A

physical, cognitive, social/emotional

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2
Q

social/emotional domain of development

A

relationships, emotional regulation, etc.

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3
Q

cognitive domain of development

A

memory, coordination, etc.

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4
Q

physical domain of development

A

growth, motor skills, etc.

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5
Q

Periods of Development

A

Prenatal, Infancy/Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood

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6
Q

Prenatal time period

A

conception to birth

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7
Q

Infancy/Toddlerhood time period

A

Birth to 2 years

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8
Q

Early Childhood time period

A

2 to 6 years

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9
Q

Middle Childhood time period

A

6 to 11 years

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10
Q

Adolescence time period

A

11 to 18 years

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11
Q

Emerging adulthood time period

A

18 years to mid 20s

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12
Q

theory definition

A

an integrated, orderly set of statements that describe, explain, and predict behavior

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13
Q

3 basic issues in the field of development

A

Continuous vs Discontinuous,
One Course vs Many Possible Courses,
Nature vs Nurture

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14
Q

resilience definiton

A

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

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15
Q

influencers of development

A

personal characteristics, positive relationships, social support, resources, and opportunities

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16
Q

promotive factors definiton

A

social, environmental and individual factors that are associated with generally better outcomes at any level of risk

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17
Q

4 Historical Views of Child Development

A

Erikson’s Psychosocial stages,
Behaviorism,
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development,
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

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18
Q

Ethology

A

the study of adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history (traced to Darwin)

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19
Q

4 components of the Bioecological Model

A

Process (interactions are bidirectional)
Person (individual characteristics)
Context (micro, meso, exo and macro systems)
Time (length of interactions)

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20
Q

development is a ________

A

dynamic system

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21
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

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22
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits

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23
Q

chromosomes are made up of ____

A

DNA (which is made up of genes)

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24
Q

humans have how many pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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25
protein coding genes
lie along chromosomes and are the biological foundations on which our characteristics are built
26
regulator genes
regulate gene expression (of one or more genes)
27
humans are __% genetically identical
99.9
28
meiosis
the process of cell division use to create gametes (sex cells)
29
zygote
fertilized egg (formed when sperm and ovum unite, creating a new set of 46 chromosomes/23 pairs)
30
alleles
either dominant or recessive, determine physical traits as well as disabilities and diseases
31
homozygous
when an individual has 2 of the same allele for a trait (ex- brown hair alleles from both parents)
32
heterozygous
when an individual has only one allele for a certain trait (ex- one brown hair allele and one blonde)
33
mutation definition
a sudden permanent change in a DNA segment
34
somatic mutation
when natural body cells mutate
35
germline mutation
when defective DNA is passed down genetically
36
reproductive choices/resources
genetic counseling, reproductive technology (insemination or surrogacy), adoption, etc.
37
pedigree definition
a family tree that identifies affected relatives and estimates the likelihood of defects
38
Microsystem
direct influences on development (interactions between parent and child, socioeconomic status, school system etc.)
39
Mesosystem
the interactions between microsystems such as home and school environments (curriculum, transportation, resources, etc.)
40
Exosystem
The outward environment that indirectly impacts development (community)
41
Macrosystem
overarching influences such as laws, policies, and cultural norms
42
what percent of US children live in poverty
18%
43
what percent of US adults plan to or have children
90%
44
advantages of child rearing
love, continuation of family lineage and name, sense of accomplishment, etc.
45
disadvantages of child rearing
financial, career, and relationship strain, plus constant worry for child safety
46
female reproductive organs
eggs, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
47
fertilization process
a zygote is fertilized in the fallopian tube, blastocyst (mass of cells) is developed, and 7-9 days later implants in the uterus
48
Germinal Period time frame
0-2 weeks
49
Germinal Period traits
fertilization, formation of zygote, implantation, amniotic fluid, start of placenta and umbilical cord
50
Embryonic Period time frame
3-8 weeks
51
Embryonic Period traits
nervous system, internal organs, muscles, and skeleton begin to form, as well as eyes, nose, and mouth. heart begins beating, neurons begin producing, and the embryo can move
52
Fetal Period time frame
9 weeks to birth
53
Fetal Period traits
bodily systems become organized and connected, sex becomes evident, movement can be felt by the mother, reacts to outside stimuli, age of viability comes ~25 weeks, lungs mature
54
teratogens
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
55
teratogen examples
radiation, alcohol, drugs, tobacco, pollution
56
Jessica believes that development takes place in stages where children change rapidly as they step up to a new level and then change very little for a while. Jessica views development as...
Discontinuous
57
Theories are vital tools because they...
provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children
58
The most consistent asset of resilient children is...
a strong bond with a competent, caring adult
59
At home, Pauls parents hit him as a punishment for misbehavior. At school, Paul angrily hits his playmate who takes his toy. This behavior is best explained by...
Bandura's social learning theory
60
Which of the following best describes Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological model?
interactions, context, and individual characteristics shape development
61
According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory...
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
62
an individuals ______ is affected by their lifelong history of experiences
phenotype
63
why can humans be about 99.6% genetically identical and still exhibit different characteristics?
even a single difference in a DNA base pair can influence many different traits
64
what solution is there for couples who are scared of potential genetic disorders being passed down to their children?
genetic counseling
65
affluent parents...
too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development
66
Malik, a musically talented youngster, joins the school orchestra and practices his cello every day. This is an example of _____ gene-environment correlation
active
67
In a kinship study of intelligence, which sibling pairs are most likely to share a high correlation?
identical twins
68
most adopted children...
fair well despite the risks associated with their more problematic childhood experiences
69
T or F: one example that Americans cite about the disadvantages of parenthood is reduced time with your partner
true
70
T or F: one example that Americans cite about the advantages of parenthood is strengthening the couple relationship through a shared project
true
71
at 2 months pregnant, how are food and oxygen delivered to the developing organism?
the placenta
72
the heart begins to develop during...
the embryonic period
73
Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical: thin upper lip, short eyelid openings, a small head, smooth philtrum Development: slow growth, memory, attention, and coordination impairment
74
passive smoking is related to...
low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnessess
75
Which prenatal period is the most exposed to serious defects from teratogens
embryonic periodq

Infant and Child Development (5 decks)

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