Exam 3

Question 1

Hammerhead shark

Answer 1

Eyes on the edges of the hammerhead provide panoramic vision to find prey along with quick agility

Question 2

Star-nosed mole

Answer 2

Lives completely underground and has no eyes starshaped nose to “see textures”

Question 3

Great grey Owl

Answer 3

Face acts as an antenna with stereo hearing to channel sound to tiny ears sitting next to the eyes

Question 4

Effects of predators on prey abundance

Answer 4

Removal & exclusion experiments indicate impact of predators on prey survival & abundance

Question 5

Multilevel control of Hare Abundance

Answer 5

Top-down control by predators AND bottom-up control by food

Question 6

Parasitism

Answer 6

a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

Question 7

Ecological impact of parasitism

Answer 7

Behavior of the host that is parasitized which may include feeding, exposure, and reproduction.

Distribution & abundances of hosts

Species diversity of communities

Question 8

Parasite Effects on Behavior

Answer 8

students who tested postive for T. gondii exposure were 1.4 x more likely to have an emphasis in management and entrepreneurship over business related emphases

Question 9

Obligate Mutualism

Answer 9

each species benefits from association but can’t survive independently of its partner(s)

Question 10

Facultative Mutualism

Answer 10

Each species benefits from association but can survive independently of its partner(s)

Question 11

Trophic Benefits from Mutualism

Answer 11

One or more of the partners gains water, energy, nutrients, refuge

Question 12

Defensive Benefits from Mutualism

Answer 12

Partner defends against predators, parasites, herbivores, or competitors

Question 13

Dispersive Mutualism

Answer 13

Partner transports your pollen or seeds

Question 14

Commensalism

Answer 14

members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed

Question 15

Keystone Species

Answer 15

species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if they were removed the ecosystem would change drastically

Question 16

Extreme Resistance

Answer 16

not adapted to exploit extreme conditions, only to endure them

Question 17

Extremophile

Answer 17

an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth

Question 18

Biodiversity Greatest Threat

Answer 18

1. Overexploitation
2. Habitat Destruction
3. Invading Species
4. Pollution
5. Global Warming

Question 19

Biodiversity

Answer 19

generally, refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth

Question 20

Species Richness

Answer 20

Number of individual types of species in an Ecosystem

Question 21

Species Diversity Index

Answer 21

A quantitative measure that reflects how many different types (such as species) there are in a dataset (a community), and simultaneously takes into account how evenly the basic entities (such as individuals) are distributed among those types.

Question 22

Factors That Influence Species Richness on Islands

Answer 22

1. Island size
2. Distance to nearest population source
3. Physical setting (currents, winds etc)
4. Amount of time isolated (geologic)
5. Human activity

Question 23

Disturbance & Diversity

Answer 23

Disturbances leads to increases in species and promotes and maintains diversity

Question 24

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Answer 24

Moderate levels of disturbance create conditions that foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance

Question 25

Modern View of Nature

Answer 25

Nature never at “equilibrium”

External factors constantly cause disturbance & disruption

Hence:
Community structure always changing
No chance to settle into stable state
Long term “Balance of Nature” is nonexistent

Question 26

The Cost of Invasive Species

Answer 26

1. $138 billion/year total cost to US
2. 33% of extinctions caused by Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

Question 27

Modes of Introduction of Invasive Species

Answer 27

1. Intentional introduction: aquaculture, (Asian carp), horticulture (Water hyacinth)
2. Unintentional introductions (carrying organisms from one location to another)
3. Invasions with a host
4. Shipping: cargo containers, ballast, packaging
5. Aquarium trade
6. Internet buying & trading

Question 28

Impact of Zebra Mussels

Answer 28

Restructure aquatic food webs
Decrease phytoplankton and zooplankton populations

Out compete native species

Decrease tourism

Clog hydroelectric pipes

Question 29

Eutrophication

Answer 29

Excess nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land

Causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen

Question 30

Dead zones

Answer 30

Oxygen depletion in water

Question 31

Greenhouse Effect

Answer 31

a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases

Question 32

World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity

Answer 32

Human activities inflict harsh and often irreversible damage on the environment and on critical resources. If not checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future. Fundamental changes are urgent.