Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hormone therapies

A
  1. slow or stop the growth of hormone sensitive tumors, which require certain hormones to grow
  2. Add, block, or remove hormones from the body to slow or stop the growth of cancer cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signal Transduction Inhibitors

A

A substance that blocks signals passed from one molecule to another inside a cell.

Blocking these signals can affect many functions of the cell including cell division and cell death, and may kill cancer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Angiogenesis Inhibitor

A

Block the growth of new blood vessels to tumors (a process called tumor angiogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Immunotherapies

A

Trigger the immune system to destroy the cancer cells

It uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve how your immune system works to find and destroy cancer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Deliver toxic molecules that can cause the death of cancer cells specifically
The objective is that this treatment will
stimulate the patient’s immune system
to attack those specific cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels
growth factors bind to their receptors on endothelial cells, signals within these cells are initiated that promote the growth and survival of new blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Trojan Horse approach to cancer

A

Anti-cancer therapeutic nanoparticles are coated with amino acids that cancer cells need. This allows them to enter and kill the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does CRISPR stand for

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is CRISPR

A
  1. Prokaryotic Adaptive Immune System
  2. Segments of prokaryotic DNA containing short repetitions of base sequences
  3. Repetition is followed by short segments of “spacer DNA” from previous exposures to a bacterial virus or plasmid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How CRISPR works

A
  1. The Cas9 protein forms a complex with guide RNA in a cell
  2. This complex attaches to a matching genomic DNA sequence adjacent to a spacer
  3. The cas9-RNA complex cuts the double strands of the DNA
  4. Programmed DNA may be inserted at the cut
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are stem cells?

A
  1. Capable of dividing to renew themselves for long periods.
  2. Unspecialized or undifferentiated
  3. Can be induced to differentiate into blood, heart muscle, nerve, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

derived from embryos in vitro fertilized eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adult stem cells

A

occur in every tissue - typically generate same type of differentiated cells. Originally thought NOT to be pluripotent (capable of differentiating into any type of cell).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Contributing factors to Emerging Infectious Diseases

A
  1. Demographic changes
  2. Increasing contact with wild & domestic animals
  3. 2/3 of EIDs originate from animals
  4. behavior (sexual, drug use, hygiene)
  5. Poverty & social inequality
  6. Climate & changing ecosystems
  7. Travel, commerce & transportation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Zoonotic diseases

A

infectious diseases that can be transmitted from other vertebrates to humans primarily through direct physical contact with an infected animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases Linked to Viruses

A

High rate of mutation, contact between species, spread from isolated populations
RNA Viruses - unusually high rates of mutation lack the proofreading mechanisms seen in DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Super Bug

A

MRSA - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Resistant to almost all antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Personalized Medicine

A
  1. The right treatment, for the right patient, at the right time.
  2. greater effectiveness & efficiency of health care delivery improved health outcomes and quality of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPS)

A

Foundation for personalized medicine - patients know risks of developing disease from personal SNP profile.
Data used in genome wide association studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Biomarkers

A
  1. Any measurable indicator of the state of the body
  2. Believed that by detecting more complex biomarkers this could lead to quicker and more accurate mental health diagnosis
22
Q

Microbiome

A

Profile an individual’s microbiome to detect, prevent and diagnose infections and other diseases

23
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

Using a patient’s genetic profile to predict a drug’s efficacy, guide dosage and improve patient safety

24
Q

Clinomics

A

Accurate interpretation of the vast amount of data and effectively using it to guide decisions about your health care

25
Q

Epigenomics

A

Examines which factors act on individual genes, and how certain changes in the epigenome affect our health

26
Q

Development of Cancer

A
  1. Accumulation of mutations
  2. 90% of cancers are of epithelial cell origin: lung, breast, colon, skin
27
Q

Oncogenes

A

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
1. Protein present on the cell surface
2. bind to epidermal growth factor causing the cells to divide
3. abnormally high levels on surface of many cancer cells, causing them to divide excessively in presence of epidermal growth factor.

28
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A

normally suppresses excessive cell division (regulates cell division)
inactivation of tumor suppressor genes can cause cancer

29
Q

What is Cancer?

A

Cancer is a genetic disease and is caused by changes in genes that control the way cells grow/divide, multiply and repair damaged DNA

30
Q

The Cancer Genome Atlas Project

A
  1. Realization there is not one cancer & one type of tumor
  2. Drugs must target specific profile for a given individual
31
Q

Breast Cancer

A
  1. accounts for every three cancer diagnoses
  2. Tissue does not define the underlying genetic profile
32
Q

Cancer Genomics

A
  1. Most cancers caused by 2-8 sequential alterations over 20-30 years
  2. 140 genes are known whose mutations drive cancer
33
Q

BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 Genes

A
  1. essential for repairing damaged DNA
  2. mutations are usually insertions or deletions of a small number of DNA base pairs in the gene
  3. DNA damage primary cause of cancer and deficiencies in DNA repair also might be a cause
34
Q

Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics

A

sequences found in nature are unsustainable as a matter of law and are deemed unpatentable

35
Q

Sanger Sequencing Method

A
  1. takes advantage of special nucleotides that are missing the hydroxyl on the 3’ Carbon of the sugar base
  2. this blocks DNA polymerase from adding the next base and elongating the DNA chain
  3. These nucleotides are called ddNTP
36
Q

Next Generation Sequencing

A

The technology is used to determine the order of nucleotides in entire genomes or targeted regions of DNA or RNA.

37
Q

Shot gun sequencing

A
  1. requires multiple copies of the genome which are then blown up into millions of small fragments
  2. Each fragment is then sequenced
  3. small fragments are assembled using computer power to match over lapping sections

Drawback: repeat sequences; don’t know how long the repeat sequence is or which position the fragments overlap

38
Q

Human Genome Project

A
  1. Determine nucleotide sequence of all DNA in human genome
  2. Identify the location & sequence of every human gene
39
Q

Human Genome Project Results

A
  1. as many pseudogenes as functional genes
  2. only 1.5% of DNA codes for proteins
40
Q

Surprises of Encode Project

A
  1. 80% of genome contains elements (active RNA molecules) with biochemical function NOT JUNK!!
  2. RNA is a major functional unit of the epigenome
  3. Evolution can occur by selection for RNA sequences that alter gene regulation, not just selection for protein-coding sequences
41
Q

The Roadmap Epigenomics Project

A
  1. ENCODE found that 90% of DNA alterations associated with disease lie in gene switching areas that code for the epigenome, not in protein coding genes
  2. Found millions of switches that control genes
42
Q

Epigenome Changes & Disease

A
  1. Central Result: it’s not single modifications causing diseases
  2. Combinations of modifications that cause changes in gene expression. Cause cancer and other diseases.
  3. Identifying locations of these enhancers & the genes they affect is necessary to understand the causal link between epigenetic changes and disease & to designing targeted treatments
43
Q

Epigenome Changes & Development

A
  1. Enhancers activated through interactions with transcription factors
  2. Changes in these epigenomic areas during developmental transitions affect cell differentiation and interactions with transcription factors
  3. ENCODE uncovered hundreds of thousands of enhancer regions in the genome that regulate gene expression & development
44
Q

Nondisjunction

A
  1. Failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis
  2. Fertilization after nondisjunction yields zygotes with altered numbers of chromosomes
45
Q

Nondisjunction during Meiosis I

A
  1. all gametes will have an abnormal number of chromosomes
  2. Half will have two copies of the chromosome pair that failed to separate
  3. Half will be missing copies of that chromosome
46
Q

Nondisjunction during Meiosis II

A
  1. half will have correct copies of the chromosome pair
  2. one quarter will have an extra chromosome
  3. one quarter will be missing a chromosome
47
Q

Down Syndrome

A
  1. Trisomy 21 is inheritance of 3 copies of chromosome 21
  2. most common human chromosome abnormality
  3. 45 chromosomes, 2 sex chromosomes
48
Q

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

A

a type of genetic condition where you only need one copy of a faulty gene from either parent to have the disorder
ex. Huntington’s

49
Q

Autosomal Recessive Disorders

A

two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop
ex. galactosemia

50
Q

X-linked disorders

A
  1. Genes on X chromosome not on Y
  2. genes segregate based on X-chromosome segregation
  3. Expression of trait dependent upon whether recessive or dominant
  4. These disorders effect mostly men because they only have 1 X chromosome (color blindness)

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions