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Biology > Bio Quiz 3.1-3.3 > Flashcards

Bio Quiz 3.1-3.3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ecology?

A

scientific study of how interactions between organisms and their environment affect the distribution, abundance, and evolution of life on earth and how humans have affected and will continue to affect the Earth’s biosphere.

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2
Q

Charles Darwin Ecology & The Origin

A

Evolution is ultimately driven by the biotic & physical environment, and that populations and ecosystems were the result of adaptations to these selective forces.

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3
Q

Abiotic factors

A
  1. the climate (temperature, rainfall)
  2. energy source (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)
  3. nutrient distribution
  4. soil and wind for terrestrial systems
  5. dissolved oxygen, salinity, current and tides for aquatic systems
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4
Q

Biotic factors

A
  1. the organisms that make up an ecosystem
  2. competition for resources such as food, light
  3. predator prey relationships as well as other community relationships with organisms in the biome
  4. if one entity is removed, it can have a devastating impact on another
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5
Q

Ecological systems are complex dynamic systems

A

At a higher level of organization, ecology is really about the dynamics of complex ecosystems

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6
Q

Challenge for 21st century

A

To understand and model the tremendous complexity of ecological systems, and, in so doing, better predict the dynamics of the Earth’s biosphere.

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7
Q

what is the biosphere

A

The regions of the lithosphere, atmosphere,
and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.

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8
Q

what is a dynamic system

A

“A group of connected, interdependent elements that affect each other and change through time.”

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9
Q

what are biomes?

A

A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region.

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10
Q

Climate and biomes

A

Climate & biomes closely connected – biome distribution corresponds to climatic zones

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11
Q

Major Ocean Current

A

Major currents crucial to regulating Earth’s temperature.

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12
Q

Atmospheric Circulation

A
  1. Atmospheric circulation affects winds, rainfall, & temperature
  2. Global circulation on rotating Earth splits atmosphere into 3 cells
    Hadley cells- at equator
    Polar cells- at poles, smallest cells
    Ferrel cells- not temperature driven, goes in opposite direction that other 2 cell types
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13
Q

Ocean Currents & Climates

A
  1. Water in constant motion in currents that influence regional climate.
  2. Wind is responsible for surface currents.
  3. Water circulates counter clockwise in southern hemisphere and clockwise in northern.
  4. Coastal climates affected by water movement.
  5. If cold water flowing near coast, winds approaching coast give off heat to the cold water and winds cool down.
  6. Warm waters can give up heat to the prevailing winds.
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14
Q

Global Precipitation & Temperature

A
  1. If these factors are the same in different areas of the Earth, the same type of biome may occur.
  2. The species that live here may not be identical but they are adapted to the same conditions.
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15
Q

Seasons and Climate

A
  1. Seasonal climatic effects are due to the tilt of the Earth. If no tilt, no seasons and day and night time are equal.
  2. At summer solstice, north pole is oriented toward the sun and we have our longest day in the northern hemisphere.
  3. At autumnal equinox (fall) and vernal equinox (spring) neither pole is oriented toward the sun and day time equals night.
  4. The winter solstice is opposite of the summer solstice with the south pole getting greater light.
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16
Q

Terrestrial biomes

A

defined by their climate and dominant vegetation, include grassland, tundra, desert, tropical rainforest, and deciduous and coniferous forests

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17
Q

Ecosystem

A

The complex of a community of organisms and its environment (where biotic and abiotic interactions take place) functioning as an ecological unit. Consists of many habitats.

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18
Q

Habitat

A

A “home” where an organism (animal/plant) lives, inside of an ecosystem.

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19
Q

Gulf Stream

A

The Gulf stream for example distributes heat from equatorial latitudes to North America and northern Europe

20
Q

Productivity Hypothesis

A
  1. more light, heat, & precipitation in tropics
  2. also longer growing seasons
21
Q

Stability Hypothesis

A
  1. Tropical climates less variable
22
Q

Standing crop SC:

A

total amount of dry producer biomass in an ecosystem at a given point in time

23
Q

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

A

total amount of energy (in terms of carbon) fixed by all autotrophs (plants) per unit area & time

24
Q

Net Primary Production (NPP)

A

energy (in terms of carbon) remaining after autotrophs have met their own energetic needs

25
Q

Global Oceanic Net Primary Productivity

A
  1. Highest NPP in oceans occurs in areas with highest nutrients
  2. Open ocean tends to be nutrient poor due to limited vertical mixing
26
Q

Global Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity

A

NPP of terrestrial systems determined by sunlight, nutrients, temperature and moisture

27
Q

Carbon Sources

A
  1. include emissions from burning fossil fuels, forest fires, and respiration
  2. shrinking in size and releasing more carbon
28
Q

Carbon sinks

A
  1. include the oceans, the plants, and soil
  2. growing in size and storing more carbon
29
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species living together in the same place at the same time

30
Q

Producer and Consumers Order

A

Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers

31
Q

Why is the tawny owl population able to be stable?

A

Territorial behavior however climate may also have an impact

32
Q

Population Growth: Exponential Growth

A
  1. J-shaped curve
  2. Exponential growth assumes ideal conditions
33
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available

34
Q

Environmental Resistance

A

The sum of environmental factors that tend to restrict the biotic potential of an organism such as drought, nutrients, competition

35
Q

Logistic curve

A
  1. S-shaped curve
  2. Environmental resistance brings population within carrying capacity
36
Q

Reductionist Method

A

breaking down biological systems into their simplest components to understand them, assuming that by studying these parts, one can fully grasp the entire system.

37
Q

Holistic Method

A

Understanding reached by studying system as a whole & analyzing interactions among its components

38
Q

Gaia hypothesis

A

1.All living things on earth (biosphere) function as one superorganism that changes its environment to create conditions that best meet its needs, with the ability to self-regulate critical systems need to sustain life

39
Q

Interference Competition

A

direct interaction between species as in fighting over limited resources

40
Q

Exploitative Competition

A

one species uses resources more efficiently than other species

41
Q

Apparent Competition

A

two species in the same habitat share a higher tropic level predator

42
Q

Interspecific competition

A

a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space)

43
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

members of the same species fight for limited resources, such as food, space, or mates.

44
Q

resource partitioning

A

division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche (food, space, time)

45
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

“In light of the evidence, we claim that if two or more species live in stable association, they must possess different ecological niches.”

Biology (6 decks)

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