Bio Quiz 1.1-1.3

Question 1

What are the six stages of Earth?

Answer 1

Black stage, Gray stage, Blue stage, Red stage, White stage, Green stage

Question 2

What is the Black stage?

Answer 2

5.5 BYA Earth formed from meteorites, rocks, and dust. Earth was hot molten rock but cooled and solidified to basaltic rock. NOTHING SURVIVED FROM THIS STAGE.

Question 3

What is the Gray stage?

Answer 3

4.3 BYA Earth originally had 250 minerals. Intense heat and pressure in the creation of Earth caused new minerals to form. Granite was the foundation of continents. NO PLANTS OR ANIMALS (yet)

Question 4

What is the Blue stage?

Answer 4

Earth cooled enough for liquid water: Oceans formed. Zircon crystals created 4.3 BYA could only form in the presence of liquid water. Faint signal of life at 3.8 BYA

Question 5

What are stromatolites?

Answer 5

Dated to 3.5 BYA they’re the oldest fossil of life on Earth (not necessarily first living thing)

Question 6

What is the Red Stage

Answer 6

The atmosphere was rich in nitrogen and CO2 but lacked O2. Stromatolites began photosynthesis. Led to rise in oxygen and since oceans were filled with dissolved iron it began to rust and sink to the bottom of sea. Introduction of oxygen introduced 2/3 of the 5000 minerals we have now. ROCKS CREATE LIFE, LIFE CREATES ROCKS

Question 7

What is the White stage?

Answer 7

540 MYA new continents formed and broke apart causing Earth to plunge into a deep freeze. Volcanoes caused CO2 levels to rise which kept heat in and perpetuated life. Life was nearly wiped out

Question 8

What is the Green Stage?

Answer 8

520 MYA diversity of life on earth exploded due to microbes rise of oxygen.

Question 9

Where did all the elements come from including the ones that are known to make up organic life?

Answer 9

Minerals

Question 10

How can clay be important to the process of the formation of life?

Answer 10

Clay is made up of Earth’s minerals. Clay is composed of stacked sheets that fill up with water and other molecules and this can help create more complex molecules. Potentially RNA. The surfaces is where the reactions happen such as the creation of minerals.

Question 11

How old is our solar system and planet?

Answer 11

4.5 BYA

Question 12

What was the Stanley Miller Experiments?

Answer 12

1953 Stanley Miller set up an experiment to mimic early Earth environment in a flask. For energy he used heat and a sparking device to mimic lightening. After a week he found organic compounds (amino acids)

Question 13

Evidence as to why RNA was the original self-replicating molecule

Answer 13

Ancient viruses use RNA as genetic material. Only RNA can initiate DNA replication. RNA regulates gene expression, repairs genes, carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

Question 14

What is scientifically thought about RNA

Answer 14

Early life forms used RNA for genes AND replication preceded proteins and DNA. Later DNA and proteins evolved and replaced RNA’s functionality

Question 15

Lipid Bilayer

Answer 15

Natural bilayers are made of phospholipid bilayer. Hydrophilic Head & 2 Hydrophobic Tails. When exposed to H2O they form a two layer sheet with tails pointed in the center.

Question 16

What are protocells?

Answer 16

Structures that form from the aggregation of abiotic components. Enclosed by a membrane and can grow and divide. Proposed to be the stepping stone towards the origin of life.

Question 16

How do protocells evolve?

Answer 16

RNA must replicases and mutation rate will generate better versions and enhance competition with other protocells. Merging with other protocells can bring RNA with other capabilities into the protocell.

Question 17

Formation of Protocells

Answer 17

polypeptides can form microscopic fluid filled spheres. If certain lipids are in the solution selectively permeable membranes will form.

Question 18

What is Kepler-22?

Answer 18

First exoplanet discovered by Kepler to orbit in a star’s habitable zone. Meaning Kepler-22 may have liquid water.

Question 19

James Webb Space Telescope

Answer 19

Webb will study every phase in the history of the universe, formation of solar systems, evolution of our solar system

Question 20

Emergent Properties

Answer 20

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. (little things build up)

Question 21

Life as an Emergent Property

Answer 21

Life is the ultimate emergent property. Life came together as a continuous sequence of emergent events.

Question 22

What is life

Answer 22

most important books in biology

Question 23

Requirements for Life

Answer 23

Growth, Response to Stimuli, Heredity, Homeostasis, Metabolism, Reproduce, Order

Question 24

Hadean Eon

Answer 24

led to possibility of protocells 4 BYA. Prokaryotic 3.8 BYA. Conditions were anaerobic on Earth

Question 25

Archaea

Answer 25

Thought to arise slightly after bacteria 3.7 BYA.

Question 26

Anaerobic Bacterial Photosynthesis

Answer 26

Beginning of anaerobic bacterial photosyntheis 3.2 BYA.

Question 27

Ancient Photosynthetic Bacteria (Aerobic)

Answer 27

Stromatolite fossil
Constructed by cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae

Question 28

Eukaryotes

Answer 28

beginning of more complex life 2.7 BYA

Question 29

Three major domains in the living world

Answer 29

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 30

Key feature of Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 30

No nucleus, pillus, bacterial flagellum, capsule, plasma membrane

Question 31

Key features of Eukaryotic Cells: Animal

Answer 31

nucleus, golgi body, ribosomes, mitochondria

Question 32

Key features of Eukaryotic Cell: Plant

Answer 32

nucleus, central vacuole, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts

Question 33

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 33

Origin of eukaryote cells including organelles starting symbiotic relationship between cells of varying types that resulted in engulfing one another.

Question 34

Universal features of cellular life for prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 34

enclosed by a membrane, store hereditary information in DNA, replicate DNA using the same basic mechanism, use RNA for transcription of DNA, translate RNA into protein via tRNA & ribosomes, use proteins as catalysts, use ATP for free energy.

Question 35

Photosynthesis and Oxygen

Answer 35

no oxygen early because there was no source. Oxygen very reactive. Development of non-cyclic photosynthesis led to slow increase of oxygen in the atmosphere. Detect oxygen by presence of iron and sulfur oxidized compounds.

Question 36

Banded Iron Formations

Answer 36

O2 levels rose and when 15% reached of atmosphere, reacted with iron to form iron oxides. Layers of iron oxide deposited on bottom of oceans 2 BYA. Aerobic respiration became dominant form of metabolism amongst Bacteria. Anaerobes retreated to marginal environments.

Question 37

Chloroplast

Answer 37

Circular DNA, ribosomes synthesize its own proteins, grow divides, and duplicates its own DNA, Eukaryotic cell without chloroplasts can’t make them. Synthesizes ATP using light energy.

Question 37

The Cambrian Explosion

Answer 37

period of unprecedented proliferation of species and phyla.

Question 37

Ediacaran Fauna

Answer 37

600-540 MYA fossils found in 1946 in southeast Australia represent the first most ancient complex organisms on Earth. Most of the species and life forms had gone extinct by 540 MYA.