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BIO 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

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2
Q

True or False: Mitosis is responsible for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the main stages of mitosis?

A

The main stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase of mitosis where chromosomes align or meet at the cell’s equatorial plane is called __________.

A

metaphase

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5
Q

During which phase do sister chromatids separate?

A

Anaphase

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6
Q

What structure is responsible for pulling the sister chromatids apart during anaphase?

A

The mitotic spindle

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7
Q

True or False: Cytokinesis is a part of mitosis.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the role of spindle fibers in mitosis?

A

Spindle fibers help separate the chromosomes and pull them to opposite poles of the cell.

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9
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

During prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle apparatus begins to form.

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10
Q

In which phase does the nuclear envelope re-form? Hint ( nuclear communications over phone)

A

Telophase

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a phase of mitosis? A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Interphase D) Anaphase

A

C) Interphase

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of cytoplasm division following mitosis is called __________.

A

cytokinesis

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13
Q

What is the significance of mitosis in unicellular organisms?

A

In unicellular organisms, mitosis is a method of asexual reproduction.

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14
Q

True or False: Mitosis results in genetic variation among daughter cells.

A

False

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15
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse gametes.

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16
Q

What is the term for the point where two sister chromatids are attached together?

A

Centromere

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17
Q

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

A

DNA replication occurs during interphase, before mitosis begins.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes condense and become visible is called __________.

A

prophase

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19
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the purpose of mitosis? A) To produce gametes B) To repair tissues C) To create genetic diversity D) To form spores

A

B) To repair tissues

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20
Q

True or False: Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.

A

True

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21
Q

What happens to the spindle fibers after mitosis is complete?

A

The spindle fibers disassemble and are recycled by the cell.

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22
Q

What is the result of a failure in the mitotic process? (Think over abundance of cells = mass.)

A

A failure in the mitotic process can lead to cell division errors, which may cause cancer or other diseases.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase where the cell prepares for division and the chromosomes are D(NA) uplicated is called __________.

A

interphase

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24
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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25
Q

Multiple Choice: How many chromosomes are present in human somatic cells after mitosis? A) 23 B) 46 C) 92 D) 12

A

B) 46

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26
Q

What is meiosis?
REDUCTION AND RESULT?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse gametes.

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27
Q

True or False: Meiosis results in two identical daughter cells.

A

False

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: Meiosis occurs in __________ cells to produce gametes.

A

germ

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29
Q

What are the TWO main stages of meiosis?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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30
Q

Which of the following phases occurs first in meiosis?

A

Prophase I

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31
Q

What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

A

Crossing over increases genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

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32
Q

True or False: Meiosis produces diploid cells.

A

False

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33
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

Four haploid gametes

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34
Q

Fill in the blank: During __________, homologous chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane.

A

metaphase I

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35
Q

Multiple choice: What is the term for the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

A

Synapsis

36
Q

What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

37
Q

True or False: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis.

A

True

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis because
• sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes,
• Both use —PMAT—ensuring the proper division of genetic material. • •Additionally, neither process involves the replication of DNA beforehand, as DNA replication occurs only before meiosis I or the initial cell cycle in mitosis.

38
Q

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

A

Germ cells

39
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of __________ refers to the formation of GAMETES through meiosis. in the beginning…

A

gametogenesis

40
Q

What is the role of spindle fibers during meiosis?

A

Spindle fibers help separate chromosomes and pull them to opposite ends of the cell.

41
Q

Which phase of MEIOSIS involves the separation of sister chromatids?

A

Meiosis II

42
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid gametes.

43
Q

True or False: Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis.

A

True

44
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is the phase where chromosomes condense and become visible.

A

Prophase

45
Q

What occurs during telophase II?

A

Nuclei form around the separated chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells.

46
Q

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce gametes for sexual reproduction

47
Q

What is independent assortment in meiosis?
who’s giving and who’s receiving?

A

Independent assortment is the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes to gametes during meiosis.

48
Q

True or False: Meiosis occurs in somatic cells.

A

False. Occurs only in germ cells.

49
Q

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is known as __________.

A

crossing over

50
Q

What is a tetrad?
remember, tetrads only in meiosis

A

A tetrad is a structure that forms during prophase I, consisting of two homologous chromosomes, each made up of two sister chromatids.

51
Q

Multiple choice: In which phase do the homologous chromosomes separate?

A

Anaphase I

52
Q

What is the overall chromosome number after meiosis compared to the starting cell?

A

The chromosome number is halved after gamete cell division, meaning we are left with 23

53
Q

What is a pedigree chart?

A

A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a gene or organism and its occurrence in ancestors over multiple generations.

54
Q

True or False: A filled symbol in a pedigree chart represents an affected individual.

A

True

55
Q

In a pedigree, what does a horizontal line between two individuals typically represent?

A

A mating or union between the two individuals.

56
Q

Fill in the blank: In autosomal dominant inheritance, an affected individual has at least one _______ allele.

A

dominant

57
Q

What inheritance pattern is indicated by skipping generations in a pedigree?

A

Autosomal recessive inheritance.

58
Q

What is an allele?

A

An allele is a variant form of a gene that is found at a specific location on a chromosome.

59
Q

True or False: An individual can have two different alleles for a single gene.

A

True

60
Q

Fill in the blank: The physical expression of a trait, such as height or eye color, is known as its _______.

A

phenotype

61
Q

Which of the following is an example of a homozygous genotype? A) Aa B) AA C) Ab

A

B) AA

62
Q

What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

A

Dominant alleles express their traits even when only one copy is present, while recessive alleles require two copies to express their traits.

63
Q

What is a Punnett square used for?

A

A Punnett square is used to predict the genetic combinations of offspring from a cross between two parent organisms.

64
Q

True or False: A Punnett square can only be used for monohybrid crosses.

A

False: A Punnett square can be used for both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

65
Q

Fill in the blank: In a Punnett square, the alleles of one parent are placed along the _____ and the alleles of the other parent are placed along the _____ .

A

top; side

66
Q

What are the possible genotypes of offspring from a cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?

A

AA, Aa, Aa, aa

67
Q

Multiple Choice: In a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring for two traits when both parents are heterozygous? A) 9:3:3:1 B) 1:1:1:1 C) 3:1

A

A) 9:3:3:1

68
Q

Branch of biology that deals with transmitting and variation of inherited characteristics

A

Genetics

69
Q

When Gregor Mendel began crossing plants most believed in what theory at the time?

A

Blending traits theory

70
Q

Genotype refers to the ________ combination of a trait while phenotype is the _________ feature of a trait

A

genotype
physical

71
Q

In pea plants, yellow (YY) seeds are dominant to green seeds (gg). A true breeding yellow plant is crossed with a true breeding green plant. What is the appearance of the offspring in the F1 generation?

A

All yellow.

72
Q

When Mendel allowed F1 plants to self-fertilize, the F2 generation showed two different phenotypes. This indicates…

A

F1 plants had different genotypes

73
Q

Law of Dominance states

A

“In a cross between parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation.”

74
Q

Genotype

A

A combination of alleles situated on corresponding chromosomes that determine a specific trait of an individual. Such as Aa or aa

75
Q

In horses black (B) is dominant to brown (b) and a trotter (T) is dominant to pacer (t). What is the genotype of a heterozygous black trotter?

A

BbTt

76
Q

_____ is the expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype

A

Incomplete dominance

77
Q

Codominance is a condition where …

A

Both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed with neither allele being dominance or recessive to another

78
Q

The most common trisomy in humans is

A

Trisomy 21. AKA Down Syndrome

79
Q

True or False. Nondisjunction of chromosomes may occur in meiosis l and meiosis ll?

A

True

80
Q

Extra copies of ____ chromosomes are more tolerated than autosomes

A

sex chromosomes

81
Q

Chromosomes are moving apart

A

Anaphase

82
Q

Nuclear membrane forming around chromosomes (mitosis)

A

Telophase

83
Q

Cytoplasmic division into two cells

A

Cytokinesis

84
Q

Chromosomes break back down into chromatin

A

In telophase

85
Q

DNA begin condensing

A

Interphase

BIO 101 (6 decks)

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