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BIO 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

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2
Q

True or False: Mitosis is responsible for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the main stages of mitosis?

A

The main stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase of mitosis where chromosomes align or meet at the cell’s equatorial plane is called __________.

A

metaphase

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5
Q

During which phase do sister chromatids separate?

A

Anaphase

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6
Q

What structure is responsible for pulling the sister chromatids apart during anaphase?

A

The mitotic spindle

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7
Q

True or False: Cytokinesis is a part of mitosis.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the role of spindle fibers in mitosis?

A

Spindle fibers help separate the chromosomes and pull them to opposite poles of the cell.

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9
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

During prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle apparatus begins to form.

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10
Q

In which phase does the nuclear envelope re-form? Hint ( nuclear communications over phone)

A

Telophase

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a phase of mitosis? A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Interphase D) Anaphase

A

C) Interphase

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of cytoplasm division following mitosis is called __________.

A

cytokinesis

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13
Q

What is the significance of mitosis in unicellular organisms?

A

In unicellular organisms, mitosis is a method of asexual reproduction.

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14
Q

True or False: Mitosis results in genetic variation among daughter cells.

A

False

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15
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse gametes.

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16
Q

What is the term for the point where two sister chromatids are attached together?

A

Centromere

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17
Q

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

A

DNA replication occurs during interphase, before mitosis begins.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes condense and become visible is called __________.

A

prophase

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19
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the purpose of mitosis? A) To produce gametes B) To repair tissues C) To create genetic diversity D) To form spores

A

B) To repair tissues

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20
Q

True or False: Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.

A

True

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21
Q

What happens to the spindle fibers after mitosis is complete?

A

The spindle fibers disassemble and are recycled by the cell.

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22
Q

What is the result of a failure in the mitotic process? (Think over abundance of cells = mass.)

A

A failure in the mitotic process can lead to cell division errors, which may cause cancer or other diseases.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase where the cell prepares for division and the chromosomes are D(NA) uplicated is called __________.

A

interphase

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24
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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25
Multiple Choice: How many chromosomes are present in human somatic cells after mitosis? A) 23 B) 46 C) 92 D) 12
B) 46
26
What is meiosis? REDUCTION AND RESULT?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse gametes.
27
True or False: Meiosis results in two identical daughter cells.
False
28
Fill in the blank: Meiosis occurs in __________ cells to produce gametes.
germ
29
What are the TWO main stages of meiosis?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
30
Which of the following phases occurs first in meiosis?
Prophase I
31
What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
Crossing over increases genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
32
True or False: Meiosis produces diploid cells.
False
33
What is the end result of meiosis?
Four haploid gametes
34
Fill in the blank: During __________, homologous chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane.
metaphase I
35
Multiple choice: What is the term for the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
Synapsis
36
What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
37
True or False: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis.
True Meiosis II is similar to mitosis because • sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes, • Both use —PMAT—ensuring the proper division of genetic material. • •Additionally, neither process involves the replication of DNA beforehand, as DNA replication occurs only before meiosis I or the initial cell cycle in mitosis.
38
What type of cells undergo meiosis?
Germ cells
39
Fill in the blank: The process of __________ refers to the formation of GAMETES through meiosis. *in the beginning…*
gametogenesis
40
What is the role of spindle fibers during meiosis?
Spindle fibers help separate chromosomes and pull them to opposite ends of the cell.
41
Which phase of MEIOSIS involves the separation of sister chromatids?
Meiosis II
42
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid gametes.
43
True or False: Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis.
True
44
Fill in the blank: __________ is the phase where chromosomes condense and become visible.
Prophase
45
What occurs during telophase II?
Nuclei form around the separated chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells.
46
What is the primary purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes for sexual reproduction
47
What is independent assortment in meiosis? *who’s giving and who’s receiving?*
Independent assortment is the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes to gametes during meiosis.
48
True or False: Meiosis occurs in somatic cells.
False. Occurs only in germ cells.
49
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is known as __________.
crossing over
50
What is a tetrad? *remember, tetrads only in meiosis*
A tetrad is a structure that forms during prophase I, consisting of two homologous chromosomes, each made up of two sister chromatids.
51
Multiple choice: In which phase do the homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase I
52
What is the overall chromosome number after meiosis compared to the starting cell?
The chromosome number is halved after gamete cell division, meaning we are left with 23
53
What is a pedigree chart?
A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a gene or organism and its occurrence in ancestors over multiple generations.
54
True or False: A filled symbol in a pedigree chart represents an affected individual.
True
55
In a pedigree, what does a horizontal line between two individuals typically represent?
A mating or union between the two individuals.
56
Fill in the blank: In autosomal dominant inheritance, an affected individual has at least one _______ allele.
dominant
57
What inheritance pattern is indicated by skipping generations in a pedigree?
Autosomal recessive inheritance.
58
What is an allele?
An allele is a variant form of a gene that is found at a specific location on a chromosome.
59
True or False: An individual can have two different alleles for a single gene.
True
60
Fill in the blank: The physical expression of a trait, such as height or eye color, is known as its _______.
phenotype
61
Which of the following is an example of a homozygous genotype? A) Aa B) AA C) Ab
B) AA
62
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant alleles express their traits even when only one copy is present, while recessive alleles require two copies to express their traits.
63
What is a Punnett square used for?
A Punnett square is used to predict the genetic combinations of offspring from a cross between two parent organisms.
64
True or False: A Punnett square can only be used for monohybrid crosses.
False: A Punnett square can be used for both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
65
Fill in the blank: In a Punnett square, the alleles of one parent are placed along the _____ and the alleles of the other parent are placed along the _____ .
top; side
66
What are the possible genotypes of offspring from a cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
AA, Aa, Aa, aa
67
Multiple Choice: In a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring for two traits when both parents are heterozygous? A) 9:3:3:1 B) 1:1:1:1 C) 3:1
A) 9:3:3:1
68
Branch of biology that deals with transmitting and variation of inherited characteristics
Genetics
69
When Gregor Mendel began crossing plants most believed in what theory at the time?
Blending traits theory
70
Genotype refers to the ________ combination of a trait while phenotype is the _________ feature of a trait
genotype physical
71
In pea plants, yellow (YY) seeds are dominant to green seeds (gg). A true breeding yellow plant is crossed with a true breeding green plant. What is the appearance of the offspring in the F1 generation?
All yellow.
72
When Mendel allowed F1 plants to self-fertilize, the F2 generation showed two different phenotypes. This indicates…
F1 plants had different genotypes
73
Law of Dominance states
“In a cross between parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation.”
74
Genotype
A combination of alleles situated on corresponding chromosomes that determine a specific trait of an individual. Such as Aa or aa
75
In horses black (B) is dominant to brown (b) and a trotter (T) is dominant to pacer (t). What is the genotype of a heterozygous black trotter?
BbTt
76
_____ is the expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype
Incomplete dominance
77
Codominance is a condition where …
Both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed with neither allele being dominance or recessive to another
78
The most common trisomy in humans is
Trisomy 21. AKA Down Syndrome
79
True or False. Nondisjunction of chromosomes may occur in meiosis l and meiosis ll?
True
80
Extra copies of ____ chromosomes are more tolerated than autosomes
sex chromosomes
81
Chromosomes are moving apart
Anaphase
82
Nuclear membrane forming around chromosomes (mitosis)
Telophase
83
Cytoplasmic division into two cells
Cytokinesis
84
Chromosomes break back down into chromatin
In telophase
85
DNA begin condensing
Interphase

BIO 101 (9 decks)

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