Chem Foundations of Life-Chap 2

Question 1

An ____ is a molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, while a ____ decreases this concentration.

Answer 1

acid, base

Question 2

The ____ is the total number of protons in an atom, and the ____ is the calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes.

Answer 2

atomic number, atomic mass

Question 3

A ____ is a negative ion formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons, while a ____ is a positive ion formed by an atom losing one or more electrons.

Answer 3

anion, cation

Question 4

The attraction between water molecules and other molecules is known as ____, while the attraction between water molecules themselves is called ____.

Answer 4

adhesion, cohesion

Question 5

A ____ hydrocarbon consists of a linear chain of carbon atoms, whereas an ____ hydrocarbon consists of closed rings of carbon atoms.

Answer 5

aliphatic, aromatic

Question 6

A ____ is a statement of a chemical reaction with equalized numbers of each type of atom for both products and reactants, while a ____ is a process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules.

Answer 6

balanced chemical equation, chemical reaction

Question 7

A ____ is a substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions, while ____ is the ability to combine and chemically bond with each other.

Answer 7

buffer, chemical reactivity

Question 8

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is called a ____, and the phenomenon where water molecules are drawn to the sides of narrow tubes is known as ____ action.

Answer 8

calorie, capillary

Question 9

The strong bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms is called a ____ bond and is crucial for ____ formation.

Answer 9

covalent, molecule

Question 10

The process by which water molecules dissociate into H and OH is known as ____ and involves the release of an ____ from a molecule.

Answer 10

dissociation, ion

Question 11

In a closed system, the steady state of relative reactant and product concentration is referred to as ____, while ____ is the change from liquid to gaseous state.

Answer 11

equilibrium, evaporation

Question 12

An ____ is a substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements, while an ____ is a negatively charged subatomic particle.

Answer 12

compound, electron

Question 13

The ability of some elements to attract electrons, creating partial charges, is known as ____, and this property is important for ____ interactions.

Answer 13

electronegativity, molecular

Question 14

Molecules that are mirror images of each other, sharing overall structure but differing in three-dimensional placement, are called ____ and are a type of ____.

Answer 14

enantiomers, isomer

Question 15

The arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell is referred to as ____ and is often represented in the form of ____ notation.

Answer 15

electron configuration, shell

Question 16

The area where we are most likely to find an electron surrounding the nucleus is called an ____; this concept is crucial for understanding ____ behavior.

Answer 16

electron orbital, chemical

Question 17

The movement of electrons from one element to another is known as ____ and is essential for the formation of ____ bonds.

Answer 17

electron transfer, ionic

Question 18

A group of atoms that imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton is called a ____ group, while a ____ isomer has similar bonding patterns but different atom placements.

Answer 18

functional, geometric

Question 19

The heat of vaporization of water requires a ____ amount of energy for liquid water to turn into ____ vapor.

Answer 19

high, water

Question 20

A hydrocarbon is a molecule that consists only of ____ and ____.

Answer 20

carbon, hydrogen

Question 21

A hydrogen bond is a weak bond between slightly positively charged ____ atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in ____ molecules.

Answer 21

hydrogen, other

Question 22

Hydrophilic substances interact well with ____ molecules, while hydrophobic substances do not interact well with ____ molecules.

Answer 22

polar, polar

Question 23

An inert gas is an element with a filled outer electron shell that is ____ with other atoms.

Answer 23

unreactive

Question 24

An ion is an atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of ____ and ____.

Answer 24

protons, electrons

Question 25

An ionic bond forms between ions with ____ charges, such as cations and ____.

Answer 25

opposite, anions

Question 26

An irreversible chemical reaction proceeds in a ____ direction to form ____.

Answer 26

unidirectional, products

Question 27

Isomers are molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same ____ formula.

Answer 27

chemical

Question 28

An isotope is a form of an element that has different numbers of ____.

Answer 28

neutrons

Question 29

The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the ____ substances.

Answer 29

reacting

Question 30

Litmus paper changes color as the ____ of the environment changes, serving as a pH indicator.

Answer 30

pH

Question 31

The mass number of an atom is the total number of ____ and ____ in its nucleus.

Answer 31

protons, neutrons

Question 32

Matter is anything that has ____ and occupies ____.

Answer 32

mass, space

Question 33

A molecule is defined as two or more ____ chemically bonded together.

Answer 33

atoms

Question 34

A neutron is an uncharged particle that resides in an atom’s ____ and has a mass of one ____.

Answer 34

nucleus, amu

Question 35

A ____ bond forms when electrons are shared equally between atoms, while a ____ bond results from unequal sharing.

Answer 35

nonpolar covalent bond, polar covalent bond

Question 36

The ____ is the core of an atom, containing ____ and neutrons.

Answer 36

nucleus, protons

Question 37

Atoms are most stable when they hold ____ electrons in their outermost shells, according to the ____ rule.

Answer 37

eight, octet

Question 38

An ____ molecule is any molecule containing carbon, except for ____ dioxide.

Answer 38

organic, carbon

Question 39

The ____ table is an organizational chart of elements that indicates each element’s atomic number and ____ mass.

Answer 39

periodic, atomic

Question 40

The ____ scale ranges from zero to 14 and is inversely proportional to the concentration of ____ ions in a solution.

Answer 40

pH, hydrogen

Question 41

A ____ is a molecule that is the result of a chemical reaction, while a ____ is a molecule that takes part in the reaction.

Answer 41

product, reactant

Question 42

A ____ chemical reaction functions bidirectionally, allowing products to turn back into reactants if their concentration is high enough.

Answer 42

reversible

Question 43

A ____ is a substance capable of dissolving another substance, while the ____ of a substance is the amount of heat needed to change its temperature by one degree Celsius.

Answer 43

solvent, specific heat capacity

Question 44

The ____ of hydration refers to the process where water molecules surround and interact with solute particles.

Answer 44

sphere

Question 45

A polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules, thus keeping them ____ and in ____.

Answer 45

dissolved, solution

Question 46

Structural isomers are molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their ____ and ____.

Answer 46

chemical bonds, structure

Question 47

A substituted hydrocarbon contains an atom of another element in place of one of the ____ in the hydrocarbon ____ or ____.

Answer 47

backbone carbons, chain, ring

Question 48

Surface tension is the tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from ____; it is created by the attractive ____ forces between the liquid’s molecules.

Answer 48

separating, cohesive

Question 49

The valence shell is the ____ shell of an atom that is involved in ____ bonding.

Answer 49

outermost, chemical

Question 50

Van der Waals interactions are very weak interactions between molecules due to ____ charges attracting atoms that are very ____ together.

Answer 50

temporary, close