Chem Foundations of Life-Chap 2 Flashcards
An ____ is a molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, while a ____ decreases this concentration.
acid, base
The ____ is the total number of protons in an atom, and the ____ is the calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes.
atomic number, atomic mass
A ____ is a negative ion formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons, while a ____ is a positive ion formed by an atom losing one or more electrons.
anion, cation
The attraction between water molecules and other molecules is known as ____, while the attraction between water molecules themselves is called ____.
adhesion, cohesion
A ____ hydrocarbon consists of a linear chain of carbon atoms, whereas an ____ hydrocarbon consists of closed rings of carbon atoms.
aliphatic, aromatic
A ____ is a statement of a chemical reaction with equalized numbers of each type of atom for both products and reactants, while a ____ is a process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules.
balanced chemical equation, chemical reaction
A ____ is a substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions, while ____ is the ability to combine and chemically bond with each other.
buffer, chemical reactivity
The amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is called a ____, and the phenomenon where water molecules are drawn to the sides of narrow tubes is known as ____ action.
calorie, capillary
The strong bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms is called a ____ bond and is crucial for ____ formation.
covalent, molecule
The process by which water molecules dissociate into H and OH is known as ____ and involves the release of an ____ from a molecule.
dissociation, ion
In a closed system, the steady state of relative reactant and product concentration is referred to as ____, while ____ is the change from liquid to gaseous state.
equilibrium, evaporation
An ____ is a substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements, while an ____ is a negatively charged subatomic particle.
compound, electron
The ability of some elements to attract electrons, creating partial charges, is known as ____, and this property is important for ____ interactions.
electronegativity, molecular
Molecules that are mirror images of each other, sharing overall structure but differing in three-dimensional placement, are called ____ and are a type of ____.
enantiomers, isomer
The arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell is referred to as ____ and is often represented in the form of ____ notation.
electron configuration, shell
The area where we are most likely to find an electron surrounding the nucleus is called an ____; this concept is crucial for understanding ____ behavior.
electron orbital, chemical
The movement of electrons from one element to another is known as ____ and is essential for the formation of ____ bonds.
electron transfer, ionic
A group of atoms that imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton is called a ____ group, while a ____ isomer has similar bonding patterns but different atom placements.
functional, geometric
The heat of vaporization of water requires a ____ amount of energy for liquid water to turn into ____ vapor.
high, water
A hydrocarbon is a molecule that consists only of ____ and ____.
carbon, hydrogen
A hydrogen bond is a weak bond between slightly positively charged ____ atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in ____ molecules.
hydrogen, other
Hydrophilic substances interact well with ____ molecules, while hydrophobic substances do not interact well with ____ molecules.
polar, polar
An inert gas is an element with a filled outer electron shell that is ____ with other atoms.
unreactive
An ion is an atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of ____ and ____.
protons, electrons
An ionic bond forms between ions with ____ charges, such as cations and ____.
opposite, anions
An irreversible chemical reaction proceeds in a ____ direction to form ____.
unidirectional, products
Isomers are molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same ____ formula.
chemical
An isotope is a form of an element that has different numbers of ____.
neutrons
The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the ____ substances.
reacting
Litmus paper changes color as the ____ of the environment changes, serving as a pH indicator.
pH
The mass number of an atom is the total number of ____ and ____ in its nucleus.
protons, neutrons
Matter is anything that has ____ and occupies ____.
mass, space
A molecule is defined as two or more ____ chemically bonded together.
atoms
A neutron is an uncharged particle that resides in an atom’s ____ and has a mass of one ____.
nucleus, amu
A ____ bond forms when electrons are shared equally between atoms, while a ____ bond results from unequal sharing.
nonpolar covalent bond, polar covalent bond
The ____ is the core of an atom, containing ____ and neutrons.
nucleus, protons
Atoms are most stable when they hold ____ electrons in their outermost shells, according to the ____ rule.
eight, octet
An ____ molecule is any molecule containing carbon, except for ____ dioxide.
organic, carbon
The ____ table is an organizational chart of elements that indicates each element’s atomic number and ____ mass.
periodic, atomic
The ____ scale ranges from zero to 14 and is inversely proportional to the concentration of ____ ions in a solution.
pH, hydrogen
A ____ is a molecule that is the result of a chemical reaction, while a ____ is a molecule that takes part in the reaction.
product, reactant
A ____ chemical reaction functions bidirectionally, allowing products to turn back into reactants if their concentration is high enough.
reversible
A ____ is a substance capable of dissolving another substance, while the ____ of a substance is the amount of heat needed to change its temperature by one degree Celsius.
solvent, specific heat capacity
The ____ of hydration refers to the process where water molecules surround and interact with solute particles.
sphere
A polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules, thus keeping them ____ and in ____.
dissolved, solution
Structural isomers are molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their ____ and ____.
chemical bonds, structure
A substituted hydrocarbon contains an atom of another element in place of one of the ____ in the hydrocarbon ____ or ____.
backbone carbons, chain, ring
Surface tension is the tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from ____; it is created by the attractive ____ forces between the liquid’s molecules.
separating, cohesive
The valence shell is the ____ shell of an atom that is involved in ____ bonding.
outermost, chemical
Van der Waals interactions are very weak interactions between molecules due to ____ charges attracting atoms that are very ____ together.
temporary, close
