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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum:

A

Holds onto calcium ions

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2
Q

Troponin:

A

Binds to tropomyosin; removes blockage of tropomyosin

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3
Q

Tropomyosin:

A

Binds to actin to prevent it from binding to myosin

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4
Q

ATP:

A

Allows cross bridges between actin and myosin to release

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5
Q

What is pulled closer together when smooth muscle contracts?

A

Dense bodies

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6
Q

Excitation-Contracting Coupling:

A
  1. Action potential reaches T-tubules
  2. Calcium released into sacroplasm
  3. Calcium binds to troponin
  4. Exposes active site of actin (thin) filament as troponin binds to tropomyosin
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7
Q

What comes after Excitation-Contracting Coupling?

A

Cross-Bridge Movement

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8
Q

Synostosis/Bony joint:

A

A bony joint that forms when the gap between two bones ossify (fibrous or cartilaginous joints) and become a single bone. This an immoble joint.

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9
Q

Examples of a synostosis:

A

Mandible; ilium, ischium, and pubis.

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10
Q

Synarthrosis/Fibrous joint:

A

Adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers. There are 3 different kinds of fibrous joints.

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of synarthrosis/fibrous joints?

A
  1. Suture- Mostly immobile; found in the bones of the skull. (Serrate, lap, and plane sutures)
  2. Gomphoses- Like a nail embedded in wood; tooth in its socket.
  3. Syndesmoses- The collagen fibers are relatively long, so this is the most mobile kind of fibrous joint. Can be found between the shafts of the radius and ulna.
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12
Q

Amphiarthrosis/Cartilaginous joint:

A

Two bones are linked by cartilage. There are 2 types.

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of amphiarthrosis/cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondroses- Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. Epiphyseal plate of a growing child, and the first ribs attachment to the sternum.
  2. Symphyses- Two bones are joined by fibrocartilage; can be found in pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs.
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14
Q

What is articular cartilage made up of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

Synovial fluid:

A

Nourishes the articular cartilage, removes waste, and lubricates the joint.

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16
Q

Joint (Articular) capsule:

A

Encloses the joint cavity and retains synovial fluid. It has an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.

17
Q

Examples of synovial joints:

A

Knee, both ends of the clavicle,

18
Q

Tendon:

A

Muscle to bone.

19
Q

Ligament:

A

Bone to bone

20
Q

Bursa:

A

A firbrous sac of synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over bone. Helps tendons slide more easily over joints.

21
Q

Tendon (Synovial) sheaths:

A

Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon.

22
Q

Shoulder joint:

A

Glenohumeral joint; spherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

23
Q

Glenoid labrum:

A

A ring of fibrocartilage that deepens the joint cavity.

24
Q

What 4 muscles stabilize the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and teres minor. Their tendons form the rotator cuff.

25
Q

What are the 3 principal ligaments that support the shoulder joint?

A

Glenohumeral, coracohumeral, and transverse humeral ligaments.

26
Q

Elbow joint:

A

Composed of the humeroulnar (trochlea of humerus to trochlear notch of ulna) and humeroradial joint (capitulum of humerus to head of the radius).

27
Q

Side to side motions are restricted in the elbow joint by what 2 ligaments?

A
  1. Radial (lateral) collateral ligament
  2. Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
28
Q

Hip joint:

A

Head of femur inserts in to acetabulum of the hip bone.

29
Q

What ligaments support the coxal (hip) joint?

A

-Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments on the anterior side
-Ischiofemoral on the posterior side

30
Q

Tibiofemoral (knee) joint:

A

The knee is mainly stabilized by the quadriceps tendon in front and the tendon of the semimembranous muscle in the back.

31
Q

What 2 ligaments prevent the knee from rotating when the joint is extended?

A
  1. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
  2. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
32
Q

ACL:

A

Anterior cruciate ligament; prevent hyperextension.

33
Q

PCL:

A

Posterior cruciate ligament; prevents the femur from sliding off the from the tibia.

34
Q

Endomysium

A

Loose connective tissue that wraps around each muscle fiber.

35
Q

Perimysium:

A

Thicker connective tissue sheath; wraps around fascicles.

36
Q

Epimysium:

A

Fibrous sheath that wraps around the entire muscle.

37
Q

Fascia:

A

Separates neighboring muscles from one another.

38
Q

Excitation:

A
  1. Arrival of the nerve signal and causes the release of calcium.
  2. Calcium causes the release of acetylcholine.
  3. Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to receptors in sacrolemma.
  4. Ligand-gated ion channels (Na come in, K comes out) create an end-plate potential.
  5. Voltage-regulated ion gates create action potential.
39
Q

Unhappy triad:

A

ACL, Medial meniscus, and tibial collateral ligament

Human Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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