Exam 1 (Atlas, Ch.5, & Ch.6) Flashcards
Define ‘rostral’.
-Towards forehead or nose
Define ‘caudal’.
-Towards tail
Structures/systems found in the abdominopelvic region?
-Digestive system, urinary system, reproductive organs, spleen, kidneys, and rectum
Define ‘mediastinum’.
-region between the lungs; occupied by the heart, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi
Name all 11 systems in the human body.
-Nervous, Skeletal, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Integumentary, Muscular, Endocrine, Circulatory, Lymphatic, & Respiratory
Give the name and function of all 3 embryonic germ layers.
- Ectoderm: outermost layer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
- Endoderm: innermost layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tract
- Mesoderm: intermediate layer, more general, turns into mesenchyme
Define ‘mesenchyme’.
-Mesenchymal cells and collagen fibers in ground substance; gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, and blood
List the functions of epithelial tissue.
-Protection, secretion/excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation
Define ‘simple squamous’ location and function.
-Thin and single layer
-Found in air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, serous membranes
-Allows rapids diffusion of substances
Define ‘simple cuboidal’ location and function.
-Cube or round shape, single layer
-Found in ducts and kidney tubules
-Absorption and secretion of mucus
Define ‘simple columnar’ location and function.
-Long rod shape, single layer
-Uterus, bronchi, stomach, and intestinal lining
-Absorption and secretion of mucus, moves eggs in uterine tubes
Define ‘pseudostratified columnar’ location and function.
-Appears to be multilayered, but all cells reach the basement membrane. Not all cells reach free surface.
-Portions of the male urethra, upper respiratory tract
Define ‘keratinized stratified squamous’ location and function.
-Thin, hardened cells; multiple layers
-Epidermis
-Reists abrasion and water loss, guards from pathogens
Define ‘nonkeratinized stratified squamous’ location and function.
-Many layers
-Mouth and vaginal canal
-Resists water loss and barrier from infections and toxins
Define ‘stratified cuboidal’ location and function.
-Multilayered cube cells
-Salivary and sweat glands, production of ovarian hormones and sperm
-Sweat, saliva, ovarian hormones, sperm
Define ‘urothelium’ location and function.
-Cells are more rounded at the top, multilayered
-Urinary tract
-Stretch as urinary tract fills
List all functions of connective tissue.
-Binding of organs, physical protection, physical support, immune protection, heat production, movement, and transport
Define the 6 cell types found in connective tissue. Give functions.
- Fibroblast: slender w/ wispy branches; produce fibers and ground substance for extracellular matrix
- Macrophages: phagocytic cells, activate immune system when antigens are detected
- Leukocytes: neutrophils (attack bacteria) and lymphocytes (attack foreign agents and toxins)
- Plasma cells: Lymphocytes may turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies in response to foreign agents
- Mast cells: found alongside blood vessels, produce heparin (anti-clot) and histamine (pro-blood flow)
- Adipocytes: fat cells
Define ‘collagen’, ‘elastin’, and ‘reticular’ fibers.
-Collagen: tough and resistant to stretching
-Elastin: stretchy and recoils well
-Reticular: forms spongy framework
Define ‘areolar tissue’ location and function.
-Collagen and elastic fibers, lots of ground substance. All 6 cell types can be found.
-Can be found under epithelium, in serous membranes and organs
-Binds epithelia to deeper tissue, allows for the passage of vessels, nerves, and immune protection
Define ‘reticular tissue’ location and function.
-A mesh of reticular fibers. Fibroblasts can be found.
-Can be found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
-Provide support for lymphoid organs
Define ‘dense regular tissue’ location and function.
-Densely and uniformly packed wavy collagen fibers. Fibroblasts present.
-Can be found in the cornea, tendons, and ligaments.
-Binds bones and resists stress
Define ‘dense irregular tissue’ location and function.
-Randomly pack collagen fibers. Fibroblasts present. Little open space/ground substance.
-Can be found in reticular layer of dermis, organ capsules, fibrous sheaths around cartilage and bones
-Resists unpredictable stress
Define ‘adipose tissue’ location and function.
-Globular round cells. No other cells types present.
-Fat areas (around organs)
-Stores energy, protection, provides insulation
Define ‘hyaline cartilage’ location and function.
-Round, ovular cells w/ clear matrix. Collagen fibers but they are not visible. Chondrocytes present.
-Found in the trachea, costal cartilage
-Ease joint movements
Define ‘elastic cartilage’ location and function.
-Visible elastic fibers w/ round cells. Chondrocytes present.
-Found in the epiglottis and external ear
-Provide flexible support
Define ‘fibrocartilage’ location and function.
-Parallel collagen fibers densely packed together. No perichondrium. Chondrocytes present.
-Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci
-Resists compression and absorbs shock
Define ‘blood’ location and function.
-Erythrocytes suspended in plasma. Platelets, leukocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils present.
-Blood vessels and heart
-Transportation
Define ‘desmosomes’ structure and function.
-Hook like proteins and lock together, not continuous between cells.
-Resist mechanical stress
Define ‘tight junction’ structure and function.
-Found at the top section of cells.
-Prevents things from getting in between cells
Define ‘gap junctions’ structure and function.
-Connexons form canals in between cells, connecting cytoplasm
-Allows small solutes such as ions, glucose, and amino acids to pass through
Define ‘endocrine’.
-Have no ducts, release products directly into blood stream
What are the different exocrine structures?
-Tubular, acinar, and tubuloacinar
What are the different kinds of exocrine glands?
-Mammary, serous, mucus, sebaceous, and ceruminous
Give the different modes of exocrine gland secretion and their types.
-Eccrine/Merocrine: excrete via exocytosis (tear, salivary, pancreas, mammary glands)
-Apocrine glands: excrete via vesicles
-Holocrine: entire cells disintegrates and becomes the secretion (sebaceous glands)
What cells types can one find in the epidermis?
-Melanocytes, keratinocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells (only in the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum)
Define ‘eumelanin’ and ‘pheomelanin’.
-Eumelanin: brownish black
-Pheomelanin: reddish yellow
Define the 3 types of hair.
-Lanugo: downy hair found on fetus in the last 3 months of embryonic development
-Vellus: fine, pale hair; found mostly on women and children
-Terminal hair: coarser and more pigmented, eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp
Define ‘dermal papilla’.
-Only source of nutrience for a hair.
Define ‘apocrine sweat gland’ location and function.
-Found in groin, axilla, anus, and areolar regions.
-Scent glands that respond to stress and sexual stimulation. These glands become active in puberty.
Define ‘sebaceous gland’ location and function.
-Most commonly open into hair follicles, but can also open directly onto the skin.
-Keeps hair and skin moisturized. Holocrine glands.
Define ‘ceruminous gland’ location and function.
-Found in external ear canal
-Waterproofs the ear and protects from foreign agents
Define ‘mammary gland’ location in function.
-Found in the breast tissue of females. Modified apocrine sweat glands.
-Produce breast milk.
