Exam 1 (Atlas, Ch.5, & Ch.6)

Question 1

Define ‘rostral’.

Answer 1

-Towards forehead or nose

Question 1

Define ‘caudal’.

Answer 1

-Towards tail

Question 2

Structures/systems found in the abdominopelvic region?

Answer 2

-Digestive system, urinary system, reproductive organs, spleen, kidneys, and rectum

Question 3

Define ‘mediastinum’.

Answer 3

-region between the lungs; occupied by the heart, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi

Question 4

Name all 11 systems in the human body.

Answer 4

-Nervous, Skeletal, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Integumentary, Muscular, Endocrine, Circulatory, Lymphatic, & Respiratory

Question 5

Give the name and function of all 3 embryonic germ layers.

Answer 5

1. Ectoderm: outermost layer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
2. Endoderm: innermost layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tract
3. Mesoderm: intermediate layer, more general, turns into mesenchyme

Question 6

Define ‘mesenchyme’.

Answer 6

-Mesenchymal cells and collagen fibers in ground substance; gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, and blood

Question 7

List the functions of epithelial tissue.

Answer 7

-Protection, secretion/excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation

Question 8

Define ‘simple squamous’ location and function.

Answer 8

-Thin and single layer
-Found in air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, serous membranes
-Allows rapids diffusion of substances

Question 9

Define ‘simple cuboidal’ location and function.

Answer 9

-Cube or round shape, single layer
-Found in ducts and kidney tubules
-Absorption and secretion of mucus

Question 10

Define ‘simple columnar’ location and function.

Answer 10

-Long rod shape, single layer
-Uterus, bronchi, stomach, and intestinal lining
-Absorption and secretion of mucus, moves eggs in uterine tubes

Question 11

Define ‘pseudostratified columnar’ location and function.

Answer 11

-Appears to be multilayered, but all cells reach the basement membrane. Not all cells reach free surface.
-Portions of the male urethra, upper respiratory tract

Question 12

Define ‘keratinized stratified squamous’ location and function.

Answer 12

-Thin, hardened cells; multiple layers
-Epidermis
-Reists abrasion and water loss, guards from pathogens

Question 13

Define ‘nonkeratinized stratified squamous’ location and function.

Answer 13

-Many layers
-Mouth and vaginal canal
-Resists water loss and barrier from infections and toxins

Question 14

Define ‘stratified cuboidal’ location and function.

Answer 14

-Multilayered cube cells
-Salivary and sweat glands, production of ovarian hormones and sperm
-Sweat, saliva, ovarian hormones, sperm

Question 15

Define ‘urothelium’ location and function.

Answer 15

-Cells are more rounded at the top, multilayered
-Urinary tract
-Stretch as urinary tract fills

Question 16

List all functions of connective tissue.

Answer 16

-Binding of organs, physical protection, physical support, immune protection, heat production, movement, and transport

Question 17

Define the 6 cell types found in connective tissue. Give functions.

Answer 17

1. Fibroblast: slender w/ wispy branches; produce fibers and ground substance for extracellular matrix
2. Macrophages: phagocytic cells, activate immune system when antigens are detected
3. Leukocytes: neutrophils (attack bacteria) and lymphocytes (attack foreign agents and toxins)
4. Plasma cells: Lymphocytes may turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies in response to foreign agents
5. Mast cells: found alongside blood vessels, produce heparin (anti-clot) and histamine (pro-blood flow)
6. Adipocytes: fat cells

Question 18

Define ‘collagen’, ‘elastin’, and ‘reticular’ fibers.

Answer 18

-Collagen: tough and resistant to stretching
-Elastin: stretchy and recoils well
-Reticular: forms spongy framework

Question 19

Define ‘areolar tissue’ location and function.

Answer 19

-Collagen and elastic fibers, lots of ground substance. All 6 cell types can be found.
-Can be found under epithelium, in serous membranes and organs
-Binds epithelia to deeper tissue, allows for the passage of vessels, nerves, and immune protection

Question 20

Define ‘reticular tissue’ location and function.

Answer 20

-A mesh of reticular fibers. Fibroblasts can be found.
-Can be found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
-Provide support for lymphoid organs

Question 21

Define ‘dense regular tissue’ location and function.

Answer 21

-Densely and uniformly packed wavy collagen fibers. Fibroblasts present.
-Can be found in the cornea, tendons, and ligaments.
-Binds bones and resists stress

Question 22

Define ‘dense irregular tissue’ location and function.

Answer 22

-Randomly pack collagen fibers. Fibroblasts present. Little open space/ground substance.
-Can be found in reticular layer of dermis, organ capsules, fibrous sheaths around cartilage and bones
-Resists unpredictable stress

Question 23

Define ‘adipose tissue’ location and function.

Answer 23

-Globular round cells. No other cells types present.
-Fat areas (around organs)
-Stores energy, protection, provides insulation

Question 24

Define ‘hyaline cartilage’ location and function.

Answer 24

-Round, ovular cells w/ clear matrix. Collagen fibers but they are not visible. Chondrocytes present.
-Found in the trachea, costal cartilage
-Ease joint movements

Question 25

Define ‘elastic cartilage’ location and function.

Answer 25

-Visible elastic fibers w/ round cells. Chondrocytes present.
-Found in the epiglottis and external ear
-Provide flexible support

Question 26

Define ‘fibrocartilage’ location and function.

Answer 26

-Parallel collagen fibers densely packed together. No perichondrium. Chondrocytes present.
-Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci
-Resists compression and absorbs shock

Question 27

Define ‘blood’ location and function.

Answer 27

-Erythrocytes suspended in plasma. Platelets, leukocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils present.
-Blood vessels and heart
-Transportation

Question 28

Define ‘desmosomes’ structure and function.

Answer 28

-Hook like proteins and lock together, not continuous between cells.
-Resist mechanical stress

Question 29

Define ‘tight junction’ structure and function.

Answer 29

-Found at the top section of cells.
-Prevents things from getting in between cells

Question 30

Define ‘gap junctions’ structure and function.

Answer 30

-Connexons form canals in between cells, connecting cytoplasm
-Allows small solutes such as ions, glucose, and amino acids to pass through

Question 31

Define ‘endocrine’.

Answer 31

-Have no ducts, release products directly into blood stream

Question 32

What are the different exocrine structures?

Answer 32

-Tubular, acinar, and tubuloacinar

Question 33

What are the different kinds of exocrine glands?

Answer 33

-Mammary, serous, mucus, sebaceous, and ceruminous

Question 34

Give the different modes of exocrine gland secretion and their types.

Answer 34

-Eccrine/Merocrine: excrete via exocytosis (tear, salivary, pancreas, mammary glands)
-Apocrine glands: excrete via vesicles
-Holocrine: entire cells disintegrates and becomes the secretion (sebaceous glands)

Question 35

What cells types can one find in the epidermis?

Answer 35

-Melanocytes, keratinocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells (only in the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum)

Question 36

Define ‘eumelanin’ and ‘pheomelanin’.

Answer 36

-Eumelanin: brownish black
-Pheomelanin: reddish yellow

Question 37

Define the 3 types of hair.

Answer 37

-Lanugo: downy hair found on fetus in the last 3 months of embryonic development
-Vellus: fine, pale hair; found mostly on women and children
-Terminal hair: coarser and more pigmented, eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp

Question 38

Define ‘dermal papilla’.

Answer 38

-Only source of nutrience for a hair.

Question 39

Define ‘apocrine sweat gland’ location and function.

Answer 39

-Found in groin, axilla, anus, and areolar regions.
-Scent glands that respond to stress and sexual stimulation. These glands become active in puberty.

Question 40

Define ‘sebaceous gland’ location and function.

Answer 40

-Most commonly open into hair follicles, but can also open directly onto the skin.
-Keeps hair and skin moisturized. Holocrine glands.

Question 41

Define ‘ceruminous gland’ location and function.

Answer 41

-Found in external ear canal
-Waterproofs the ear and protects from foreign agents

Question 42

Define ‘mammary gland’ location in function.

Answer 42

-Found in the breast tissue of females. Modified apocrine sweat glands.
-Produce breast milk.