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Bio 1120 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are angiosperms hetero or homosporous

A

heterosporous

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2
Q

what does the microsporangia produce

A

microspores (pollen) develops into male gametophyte

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3
Q

what does the megasporangia produce and what is it found inside of

A

megaspores, inside ovules develop into female gametophyte

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4
Q

major stages of the angiosperm life cycle

A

gametophyte development, pollination, double fertilization, seed development

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5
Q

male flower reproductive structure and what does it contain

A

stamen: contains anther where microsporangia develop

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6
Q

female flower reproductive structure and what does it contain

A

carpel: contains ovary and ovules where megasporangia develop

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7
Q

double fertilization

A

1st sperm fuses with egg to form zygote, second fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm

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8
Q

pollination process

A

pollen is transferred to the stigma, produces a pollen tube that grows down the style into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells into the embryo sac

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9
Q

how did early pollination work

A

it was undirected and wind driven

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10
Q

what kind of symbiotic relationship is pollination

A

mutualism, plants reproduce in exchange for food

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11
Q

Coevolution

A

2 species involve interdependently

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12
Q

what do wind pollinated plants look like

A

small inconspicuous flowers, typically green or feathery

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13
Q

what is a seed made of

A

embryo, food supply, protective covering

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14
Q

are bees the only pollinator, what are some other ones

A

no. hummingbirds, butterflies, moths, flies, wasps, beetles

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15
Q

what breaks seed dormancy

A

environmental cues such as heavy rainfall

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16
Q

types of seed dispersal

A

gravity, animal digestion, animal attachment, water, wind, exploding, cultivation

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17
Q

An important innovation for efficient seed dispersal

A

Tissues derived from the ovary are often nutritious and brightly colored to attract animal seed-dispersers

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18
Q

what did flowers make more efficient

A

pollination

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19
Q

what did fruit make more efficient

A

seed dispersal

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20
Q

evidence that fungi are most closely related to animals

A
  • DNA sequence data
  • Both animals and fungi make chitin
  • Animals and chytrids (basal fungi) have similar flagella
  • Both fungi & animals use glycogen to store energy (plants use starch)
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21
Q

two major fungi growth forms

A

yeasts: unicellular
mycelia: multicellular mycelium filaments

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22
Q

What makes fungi such good symbiotic partners to plants?

A

Chitin allows fungi cell walls to stay strong mycelia adapted for absorption

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23
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

plant-fungal symbiosis in which fungal hyphae transfer nutrients to the plant partner
may have helped plants without roots colonize land

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24
Q

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (EMF)

A
  • Go in between root cells, but do NOT
    actually enter them
  • in temperate and boreal forests
  • fruiting body
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25
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)

A
  • Grow into the cells of plant’s root tissue and directly contact the plasma membrane of the plant cell
  • most ancient and found nearly everywhere
  • microscopic
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26
Q

chytrids

A

basal fungi, found in wet habitats Have flagellated spores. motile

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27
Q

zygomycetes

A

include decomposers, parasites, and
commensal symbionts

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28
Q

glomeromycetes

A

Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots.

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29
Q

ascomycetes

A

Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Fruiting bodies are called ascocarps

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30
Q

basidiomycetes

A

Important decomposers and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Fruiting bodies are called mushrooms

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31
Q

Mushrooms

A

fungal fruiting bodies (reproductive organs) of densely-packed hyphae.

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32
Q

what do fungi have instead of sexes

A

tens of thousands of mating types

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33
Q

plasmogamy

A

occurs when the cytoplasms of two haploid hyphae from different mating types fuse

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34
Q

Karyogamy

A

occurs when the two different nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote

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35
Q

fungi ecological importance

A

plant and animal diseases, most important decomposers (digest lignin), symbiotic relationships such as mycorrhizae, antibiotics, food (bread and alc)

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36
Q

Lichen

A

symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae, algae provides nutrients to fungus, some also have yeast

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37
Q

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

A

lack tissue, Choanocytes ingest food, Amoebocytes digest food and distribute nutrients, metazoans

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38
Q

Cnidaria

A

eumetazoans, diploblasts, no systems, cnidocytes, nerve net

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39
Q

what did the cambrian explosion give rise to

A

bilateral animals, hard bodied organisms, predators, prey

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40
Q

Ectoderm

A

gave rise to the skin and nervous system

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41
Q

mesoderm

A

gave rise to circulatory system, muscle, and organs

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42
Q

Endoderm

A

lines digestive tract

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43
Q

Acoelomates

A

no body cavity

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44
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Body cavity between mesoderm and
endoderm

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45
Q

Coelomates

A

Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm

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46
Q

what does a body cavity do

A

acts as a hydrostatic skeleton which allows movement without limbs

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47
Q

what do all animals past porifera and cnidaria have

A

central nervous system

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48
Q

protostome

A

mouth before anus, blocks of solid mesoderm split into coelom

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49
Q

deuterostome

A

anus before mouth, mesoderm pockets pinch off gut to form coelom

50
Q

clade lophotrochozoa

A

wormlike, Name comes from a feeding structure called lophophore and larva called a trochophore

51
Q

Ectoprocta/bryozoans

A

sessile colonies, suspension feeders

52
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms, acoelomate, move by cilia on underside or undulated swimming

53
Q

Annelida

A

segmented worms like earthworms

54
Q

Mollusca

A

body has 3 main parts:
1. foot for movement
2. visceral mass contains organs
3. mantle secretes shell

55
Q

clade ecdysozoa

A

nematodes and arthropods, cuticle made of chitin, undergo ecdysis (shedding)

56
Q

nematoda

A

parasitic roundworms with a cuticle

57
Q

arthropoda

A

segmented exoskeleton, jointed limbs

58
Q

Hox genes

A

influence segmentation and organization of body parts
mutations in hox genes drastically change body plan

59
Q

arthropoda: myriopoda

A

centipedes: carnivorous, venemous, one pair of legs per segment
millipedes: herbivores, two pairs of legs per segment

60
Q

arthropoda: chelicerata

A

spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions,
horseshoe crabs
Characterized by chelicerae: pair of appendages near the mouth

61
Q

arthropoda: crustacea

A

Crabs, shrimps, lobsters,
barnacles
cephalothorax and abdomen, two pairs of antennae

62
Q

arthropoda: hexopoda

A

most abundant animal group, six legs

63
Q

Echinodermata

A

starfish
bilateral larva, radial symmetry as adults
feed using tube feet

64
Q

how do Invertebrate chordates support the dorsal nerve chord

A

lancelets and tunicates
support dorsal nerve chord with notochord

65
Q

how do Vertebrate chordates support the dorsal nerve chord

A

vertebral column (spine) supports dorsal nerve chord

66
Q

four synapomorphies of chordates

A
  1. hollow, dorsal nerve chord
  2. notochord
  3. muscular post anal tail
  4. Pharyngeal slits/ gill slits
67
Q

chordata: vertebrata

A

Synapomorphies: vertebral column, cranium, internal organs, endoskeleton

68
Q

jawless vertebrates/cyclostomes

A

lamprey and hagfish

69
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

sharks, rays, chimaeras
cartilaginous skeletons

70
Q

bony fish

A

internal skeleton, swim bladder, gill covers
ray finned fish and lobe finned fish

71
Q

bony fish: ray finned fish

A

almost all fish alive today, bony rods in fins

72
Q

lobe finned fish

A

Coelacanths and lungfish
fins are fleshy lobes
evolved into amphibians

73
Q

what changes were required for animals to come to land

A

lungs, legs, redesigned heart, prevent egg drying, prevent body desiccation

74
Q

amphibians

A

Anura – frogs & toads
Caudata – salamanders
Apoda - caecilians
lay jelly coated eggs in water

75
Q

what two clades are amniotes

A

reptiles and mammals

76
Q

anmniote traits

A

amniotic egg, ribcage, don’t breathe through skin

77
Q

amniotic egg

A

4 membranes, amnion, chorion

78
Q

reptile derived characteristics

A

scales with keratin, shelled eggs, internal fertilization, ectothermic (except birds)

79
Q

turtles

A

turtles and tortises
box like shell fused to skeleton

80
Q

squametes

A

snakes and lizards
Snakes are carnivorous and have adaptations for predation such as sensory receptors

81
Q

Crocodilians

A

alligators and crocodiles
breathe through upturned nostrils, build nests and care for their young, four chambered heart, most closely related to birds

82
Q

birds

A

most diverse vertebrates, amniotic egg, ectothermal, scales on legs, hollow bones

83
Q

mammal traits

A

hair, kidneys, metabolism, specialized teeth, mammary glands

84
Q

Mammalia: Prototheria

A

Monotremes, most primitive, lay eggs, cloaca

85
Q

Mammalia: Marsupials

A

anmniotic egg with no shell
after birth, crawls into marsupial pouch

86
Q

Placenta

A

organ grown during pregnacy, provides O2 & nutrients

87
Q

viviparous

A

give live birth

88
Q

primate traits

A

opposable thumbs, long slender limbs that move freely at hip and shoulder, short jaws, flexible hands, social organization

89
Q

Hominoids

A

humans and apes that arose from old world monkeys (gibbons, Orangutans, gorillas, chimps)

90
Q

Hominin

A

Consists of humans and the extinct species more closely related to them than chimpanzees

91
Q

hominin evolutions to bipedalism

A

straight spine, wide pelvis, arched feet, no opposable big toe

92
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

lived on cold climates
cared for the aged and the sick: indication of advanced social cooperation,
liked art and religion, outcompeted by humans

93
Q

Homo sapiens

A

humans

94
Q

Ecology

A

how organisms interact with the abiotic and biotic environment

95
Q

Organismal ecology

A

how individual organisms interact with the environment

96
Q

Population ecology

A

Considers factors affecting population size over time, one species

97
Q

Community ecology

A

how interactions between species affect community structure

98
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

99
Q

Landscape ecology

A

focuses on the factors controlling energy, material, organism exchange over multiple ecosystems

100
Q

Global ecology

A

focuses on biosphere, or global ecosystem, which is the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes

101
Q

Climate

A

long term weather patterns

102
Q

weather

A

short term conditions

103
Q

4 abiotic factors affecting climate

A
  1. temperature
  2. precipitation
  3. sunlight
  4. wind
104
Q

Major Drivers of Earth’s climate system

A
  1. Uneven heating of the Earth
  2. Earth’s movements in space (Milankovitch Cycles)
  3. Global Air Circulation
  4. bodies of water
  5. mountains
105
Q

Latitudinal Variation in Sunlight

A

Higher latitudes: angled, less sunlight
Midlatitudes: direct sunlight, warmer

106
Q

More sun =

A

more heat and light per unit of surface area

107
Q

what causes seasons

A

earth’s tilt

108
Q

Wind pattern change=

A

altered ocean current patterns

109
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

Periodic changes in Earth’s orbit that affect climate
tilt, wobble, orbit
take thousands of years

110
Q

what latitude are deserts found at

A

30 degrees

111
Q

what latitude are rainforests found at

A

0 degrees

112
Q

global air circulation

A

moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain
circulates every 30 degrees
60% of heat transfer

113
Q

bodies of water

A

prevailing winds blow over the ocean and produce ocean currents
40% of heat transfer

114
Q

rain shadows

A

cool air goes up windward side of mountain, rains, dry leeward side of mountain

115
Q

how do we study past climates

A

historical records, tree ring data, corals, sediments, ice

116
Q

how do we study the current climate

A

satellites
measurements of: CO2 & Methane, Precipitation, Cloud coverage, Ocean changes

117
Q

climograph

A

plots the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a region

118
Q

ecotone

A

area of intergradation between 2 biomes

119
Q

what biome is lichen most common in

A

tundra

120
Q

how are aquatic biomes divided

A

into vertical and horizontal zones

121
Q

thermocline

A

narrow layer of abrupt temp change in water

Bio 1120 (9 decks)

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