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Bio 1120 > bio1120L midterm > Flashcards

bio1120L midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

a change in allele frequencies through time in populations

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2
Q

5 criteria for genetic equilibrium

A
  1. no migration
  2. no mutation
  3. no genetic drift
  4. no natural selection
  5. random mating
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3
Q

formulas for calculating allele frequencies

A

p+q=1
p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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4
Q

how to find p

A

(2)AA+(1)Aa/# of individuals(2)

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5
Q

how to find q

A

(2)aa+(1)Aa/#of individuals(2)

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6
Q

how to find 2pq

A

2(pxq)

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7
Q

bottleneck effect

A

rapid reduction in a population size where only a few alleles survive

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8
Q

fixed allele

A

the only allele for a particular gene

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9
Q

how to calculate degrees of freedom

A

number of genotypes-1

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10
Q

four mechanisms for evolutionary change

what happens if they’re met?

A
  1. migration
  2. mutation
  3. natural selection
  4. genetic drift

microevolution

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11
Q

microevolution

A

evolution over a short time frame

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12
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution over a long period of time

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13
Q

what is speciation the bridge between

A

micro and macroevolution

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14
Q

what is a defining feature of speciation

A

reproductive isolation

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15
Q

define species

A

A population that can interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and is reproductively isolated from other species

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16
Q

limitation of bsc species definition

A

doesn’t apply to asexual organisms, some species can interbreed

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17
Q

allopatric speciation

A

species become geographically isolated

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18
Q

parapatric speciation

A

species diverge in semi isolated locations

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19
Q

sympatric speciation

A

species diverge in the same area

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20
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies

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21
Q

8 categories used to classify organisms

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
    3.Phylum
    4.Class
    5.Order
    6.Family
    7.Genus
    8.Species
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22
Q

node

A

branching point

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23
Q

clade

A

2 branches next to each other

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24
Q

Synapmorphy

A

similar characteristic in 2 or more species inherited from a common ancestor

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24
Q

systematics

A

the study of the kind and diversity of organisms and their relationships

25
Q

will a significant change in allele frequency have an effect on genotypic frequency

A

yes because allele frequencies affect the number of genotypes present

26
Q

what effect does natural selection have on genotypic frequency?

A

natural selection favors genotypes that are more likely to survive and reproduce

27
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells that got swallowed by a host cell

28
Q

what are the distinguishing characteristics of bacteria?

A

bacteria is unicellular, doesn’t have a nucleus and reproduces through binary fission

29
Q

what are the distinguishing characteristics of protists?

A

some protists can be multicellular, reproduce through mitosis, eukaryotic, aquatic

30
Q

3 shapes of bacteria

A

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

31
Q

How does a Euglena move around? How does it obtain food?

A
  1. flagellum
  2. photosynthesis or they can assimilate organic material heterotrophically
32
Q

How does a Paramecium move around? How does it obtain food?

A
  1. cilia
  2. collects food particles in oral groove and deposits them into vacuoles
33
Q

Why are autotrophic protists, like Diatoms, important?

A

they fix the most carbon dioxide into oxygen

34
Q

Which kingdom represents the first group of organisms to exist on earth?

A

bacteria

35
Q

Give an example of an autotrophic organism we saw

A

diatom or algae

36
Q

Give an example of an heterotrophic organism we saw

A

paramecium

37
Q

Give an example of an organism that can be either heterotrophic or autotrophic

A

euglena

38
Q

Where do meiosis and fertilization occur in the life cycle of moss and ferns?

A

sporangium

39
Q

Why are mosses and ferns found in moist habitats?

A

sperm must swim to reach the egg

40
Q

Why is a fern considered more advanced than moss?

A

they have vascular tissue with xylem and pholem

41
Q

What kind of habitat would we expect to find spore-bearing plants?

A

moist

42
Q

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte phase dominant in mosses?

A

gameophyte

43
Q

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte phase dominant in ferns?

A

sporophyte

44
Q

Do the gametophyte and sporophyte phases live independently or dependently in mosses?

A

dependently

45
Q

Do the gametophyte and sporophyte phases live independently or dependently in ferns?

A

independently

46
Q

moss/fern life cycle

A
  1. spore
  2. gameophyte
  3. antheridium/archegonium
  4. fertilization
  5. zygote
  6. embryo
  7. sporophyte
  8. sporagonium
  9. spore mother cells
  10. meiosis->1.
47
Q

Describe the sexual reproduction process in gymnosperms and angiosperms

A

both produce male pollen grains that travel to female ovules to fertilize them, forming seeds. They are heterosporous, they produce megaspores and microspores. same as moss just with 2 spores.

48
Q

Why is the seed an advantage for life on land?

A

seeds protect the embryo

49
Q

Why do pollen grains have wings?

A

they help with wind dispersal

50
Q

What is the ploidy of tissue that nourishes a gymnosperm embryo?

A

haploid

51
Q

Describe double fertilization

A

one sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form a zygote, the other sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form an endosperm

52
Q

What is the ploidy of tissue that nourishes an angiosperm embryo?

A

triploid

53
Q

What happens to young cotyledons as a young seedling grows?

A

they absorb nutrients from the gameophyte tissue

54
Q

what is a stamen

A

male reproductive structure. contains filament anther and pollen

55
Q

what is a pistil

A

female reproductive structure. contains stigma, style, and ovary.

56
Q

what is the phylum of moss

A

Bryophyta

57
Q

what is the phylum of ferns

A

Pteridophyta

58
Q

what is the phylum of gymnosperms

A

Coniferophyta

59
Q

what is the phylum of angiosperms

A

Anthophyta

Bio 1120 (9 decks)

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