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Bio 1120 > bio1120 exam 2 > Flashcards

bio1120 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

chemical evolution

A

reaction of inorganic chemicals to produce simple organic chemicals, that later polymerized into macromolecules

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2
Q

chemical evolution steps

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules
  2. join into macromolecules
  3. package into protocells
  4. origin of self replicating molecules
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3
Q

4 requirements for chemical evolution

A
  1. little to no free oxygen
  2. source of energy (light/radiation)
  3. chemical building blocks (water, gases)
  4. time
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4
Q

what were the first protocells

A

clay armored bubbles, fluid filled vesicles with membrane

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5
Q

what did first protocells have

A
  1. metabolism
  2. could replicate/ simple reproduction
  3. maintained internal envt
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6
Q

what did prebiotic earth give rise to first

A

RNA which evolved from natural selection favoring RNA that self replicates better

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7
Q

what was RNA the template for

A

DNA

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8
Q

how is bacteria different from archea

A

bacteria has a peptidoglycan cell wall
archaea has no cell wall and membranes with phospholipid
archaea is more similar to eukaryotes

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9
Q

what do bacteria and archaea have in common

A

circular chromosomes
unicellular and prokaryotic

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10
Q

what are the 3 shapes of bacteria

A

bacillus, coccus, spirulum

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11
Q

gram positive

A

thick cell wall of peptidoglycan

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12
Q

gram negative

A

2 membranes with peptidoglycan between them

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13
Q

pili

A

long appendages used to pull together bacteria for conjugation

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14
Q

fimbrae

A

hair like structures that help stick

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15
Q

endospores

A

protective covering on bacteria that helps them go dormant

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16
Q

flagella

A

whip like appendage that help bacteria move

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17
Q

chemotaxis

A

response to chemical stimulus
ex: smell

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18
Q

nucleoid

A

string of chromosomes

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19
Q

plasmids

A

circular dna seprate from nucleoid

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20
Q

photoautotroph

A

makes its own energy and carbon from sun

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21
Q

chemoautotroph

A

makes its own energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals such as sulfur or methane

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22
Q

photoheterotroph

A

can do photosynthesis or assimilate organic material heterotrophically ex:euglena

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23
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

obtains energy and carbon from eating organic compounds

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24
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

converting nitrogen gas from atmosphere to a digestible form.
nitrogen fixing bacteria live in root nodules.

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25
Q

obligate aerobe

A

requires oxygen for life

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26
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

killed by oxygen

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27
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

can live without oxygen but grows better with it

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28
Q

biofilm

A

surface coating layer of bacteria

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29
Q

what gene transfer do bacteria use to share genetic info

A

horizontal gene transfer

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30
Q

3 mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer

A

conjugation, transduction, transformation

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31
Q

conjugation

A

bacteria attach through pili and share plasmids

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32
Q

transformation

A

bacteria pick up dead DNA from environment

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33
Q

transduction

A

bacteria get DNA from viruses carrying DNA from other cells

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34
Q

what has genes for resistance to antibiotics

A

plasmids

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35
Q

spirochetes

A
  1. free living
  2. gram negative
  3. heterotrophs
  4. pathogenic parasites: syphilis, lime disease
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36
Q

actinobacteria

A
  1. chains of cells
  2. gram positive
  3. can produce antibiotics (streptomyces)
  4. tuberculosis, leprosy
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37
Q

cyanobacteria

A
  1. photosynthetic
  2. source of oxygen and food for aquatic life
  3. algae
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38
Q

proteobacteria

A
  1. gram negative
  2. elaborate morphology
  3. pathogenic: cholrea, ghonorrhea, dysentery
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39
Q

crenarchaeota

A

only lives in extreme environments

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40
Q

euryarchaeota

A

live in every habitat and produce methane

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41
Q

how are prokaryotes used in research
and technology

A
  1. DNA tech (crispr, cloning, pcr)
  2. bioremediation (degrading toxins)
  3. biodegradable plastic
  4. biofuel
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42
Q

what are bacteria that cause disease called

A

pathogenic

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43
Q

where do pathogens affect tissues

A

entry points (wounds, pores, mucous membrane)

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44
Q

germ theory of disease

A

diseases are caused by microogranisms

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45
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease, can be heritable

46
Q

how do bacteria enter

A
  1. release enzymes that digest away the
    complex sugars that join our epithelial layers
  2. release enzymes that can dissolve blood clots
47
Q

antibiotics

A

molecules that kill bacteria, target peptidoglycan

48
Q

malacidins

A

antibiotics released by bacteria that kill gram positive pathogens

49
Q

ecological roles of prokaryotes

A
  1. decomposers
  2. symbionts
  3. parasites
  4. commensals
50
Q

how are eukaryotes different from bacteria

A
  1. nucleus
  2. membrane bound organelles
  3. cytoskeleton
  4. reproduce through sexual or asexual reproduction
51
Q

what were the earliest eukaryotes

A

protists with
1. single celled nucleus
2. mitochondria
3. cytoskeleton
4. no cell wall

52
Q

what is a protist

A

eukaryotes that aren’t plants animals or fungus

53
Q

what did later eukaryotes have

A
  1. photosynthesis
  2. sexual life cycle
  3. multicellular
54
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and plastids were prokaryotic endosymbionts that got swallowed by a host cell

55
Q

endosymbiosis

A

symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside of another

56
Q

who discovered endosymbiotic theory

A

Dr. Lynn Margulis

57
Q

how did eukaryotes evolve

A
  1. Ancestral prokaryote
    underwent infolding of plasma
    membrane = nucleus and
    endomembrane system
  2. It engulfed aerobic bacterium
    and became a host
  3. Engulfed aerobic bacterium
    became mitochondria
  4. some engulfed photosynthetic bacteria which became plastids
58
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis theory

A
  1. membranes are double
  2. mitochondria and plastids have their own circular DNA
  3. mitochondria and plastids have their own ribosomes
  4. they can multiply like bacteria
59
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

occurred when eukaryotic algal cells were ingested by heterotrophic eukaryotes

60
Q

what organisms underwent secondary endosymbiosis

A

red and green algae

61
Q

evidence for secondary endosymbiosis

A
  1. cyanobacteria are gram negative
  2. plastids in red and green are similar
  3. double membranes.
  4. transport proteins are homologous to proteins in the inner and outer membranes of cyanobacteria
62
Q

what were the first multicellular life forms

A

colonies of connected cells with little to no differentiation

63
Q

did multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi) develop multicellularity dependently or independently

A

independently

64
Q

what protist do animals share DNA with

A

choanoflagellates

65
Q

what protein plays a key role in how animal cells attach to eachother

66
Q

what was a key step of transitioning into multicellularity

A

proteins finding new ways of rearranging

67
Q

excavata

A
  1. many are parasites
  2. 3 clades: parabasalids, diplomonads,
    and euglenozoans
68
Q

SAR

A
  1. 3 large clades: Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria
  2. photosynthetic
  3. found in limestone of pyramids
69
Q

Archaeplastida

A

plants, algae, volvox

70
Q

Unikonta

A

animals, slime mold, fungi, amoebas with lobes

71
Q

what diseases can parasitic protists cause

A

malaria, irish potato famine, and amoebic dysentery

72
Q

phytoplankton

A

photosynthetic organisms that drift with the currents

73
Q

algal blooms

A

When algae reach high densities in aquatic environments. Toxins many fish and build up in shellfish. ex: red tide

74
Q

ecological roles of protists

A
  1. decomposers
  2. photosynthesis
  3. population control of bacteria
75
Q

what protist is red tide caused by

A

dinoflagellates

76
Q

how did plants evolve to live in a dry environment

A
  1. prevented water loss from cells
  2. had to transport water through tissues
  3. had to learn how to stay upright
77
Q

are plants monophyletic or polyphyletic

A

monophyletic

78
Q

what did land plants evolve from

A

green algae

79
Q

why did plants evolve to live on land

A

more CO2 + sun

80
Q

what are derived traits of plants

A

alternation of generations, spores in sporangia, cuticle, apical meristems

81
Q

alternation of generations

A

plants spend half their life cycle in a haploid gametophyte phase and half in a diploid sporophyte phase

82
Q

what are the reproductive structures in spore bearing plants

A

archegonia and antheridia

83
Q

what do zygotes in land plants from

84
Q

how do spore plants reproduce in dry conditions

A

walled spores in sporangia, Spore walls contain sporopollenin, which makes them resistant to harsh environments

85
Q

apical meristem

A

regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. can divide throughout a plants life

86
Q

cuticle

A

layer of waxy, watertight sealant that covers above ground parts of plant.
keeps water in but keeps CO2 out

87
Q

stoma/stomata

A

pores surrounded by specialized guard cells that open and close pores. used for gas exchange of CO2 and O2

88
Q

4 major plant groups

A
  1. bryophytes (non vascular)
  2. pteridophytes (seedless vascular)
  3. gymnosperms
  4. angiosperms (flowering plants)
89
Q

rhizoids

A

root like structures on non vascular plants that keep them anchored

90
Q

what are the benefits of the vascular system

A

allows plants to grow taller and transports nutrients and water

91
Q

lignin

A

Extra-strong polymer that helps support erect plant tissues. defining feature of vascular tissue.

92
Q

xylem

A

transports water and minerals

93
Q

phloem

A

transports photosynthesis products

94
Q

tracheids

A

tube shaped cells in xylem

95
Q

purpose of roots

A

anchor vascular plants and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

96
Q

purpose of leaves

A

primary photosynthesis organ

97
Q

how many times did cuticle, stomata & tracheids evolve

98
Q

convergent evolution

A

water-conducting cells evolved independently in mosses and vascular plants

99
Q

what 2 plant groups produce seeds

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

100
Q

why does pollen give seed plants an advantage

A

it helped plants adapt to dry environments. they no longer need water for fertilization.

101
Q

sporopollenin

A

protective coat around pollen grains

102
Q

what’s in seeds

A

embryo and nutrients from mother. surrounded by a protective coat

103
Q

why do seeds have an advantage

A

they protect the embryo, make it easy to spread far, and can lay dormant for years

104
Q

what is the most dominant plant

A

angiosperms

105
Q

Monocots

A
  1. flower parts in 3
  2. one cotyledon
  3. Leaves have parallel veins (ex: grass)
105
Q

Eudicots

A
  1. Flower parts in fours or fives
  2. two cotyledons
  3. Leaves have branching veins (ex: oak trees)
106
Q

what evolved after stamens and carpels

A

petals and sepals

107
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from one plant’s stamen to another plant’s carpel

108
Q

types of gymnosperms

A

pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, ginkgoes

109
Q

what is a ginkgo

A

a tree with fan shaped leaves that’s extinct in the wild and produces disgusting fruit. only one species

110
Q

2 classes of angiosperms

A

monocots and eudicots

111
Q

why do fruits give angiosperms an advantage

A

they attract more animals who spread their seeds

Bio 1120 (10 decks)

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