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BIOL 1108: Principles of Biology II > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Root System

A

All of a plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food

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2
Q

Shoot System

A

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers

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3
Q

Taproot

A

A main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch) roots

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4
Q

Lateral Roots

A

A root that arises from the pericycle of an established root

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5
Q

Root Hairs

A

A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals

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6
Q

Stem

A

A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures

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7
Q

Nodes

A

A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached

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8
Q

Internodes

A

A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached

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9
Q

Apical Bud

A

A bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud

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10
Q

Axillary Bud

A

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch.

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11
Q

Leaf

A

The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

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12
Q

Petiole

A

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

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13
Q

Veins

A

In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf

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14
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

The outer protective covering of plants

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15
Q

Epidermis

A

The dermal tissue of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells

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16
Q

Cuticle

A

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants

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17
Q

Periderm

A

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium

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18
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

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19
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant

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20
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

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21
Q

Ground Tissue

A

Plant tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support

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22
Q

Pith

A

Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.

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23
Q

Cortex

A

In plants, ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem

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24
Q

Parenchyma Cells

A

Cells occurring mainly in the dermal and ground tissues, they have large central vacuoles and thin, flexible primary cell walls but lack secondary walls. They are metabolically active, and they synthesize and store many organic products.

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25
Q

Collenchyma Cells

A

Cells that provide flexible support without restraining growth

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26
Q

Sclerenchyma Cells

A

Cells that provide support. Contains large amounts of lignin, a strengthening polymer that accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood.

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27
Q

Water-Conducting Cells

A

The two types of water-conducting cells, tracheids and vessel elements, are tubular, elongated cells that are dead and lignified at functional maturity.

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28
Q

Sugar-Conducting Cells

A

Organic nutrients are transported through long, narrow cells called sieve cells. Alongside each sieve-tube element is a nonconducting cell called a companion cell, which is connected to the sieve-tube element by numerous plasmodesmata.

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29
Q

Meristems

A

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth

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30
Q

Indeterminate Growth

A

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives

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31
Q

Determinate Growth

A

A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached

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32
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Located at the tips of roots and shoots and in axillary buds of shoots, provide additional cells that enable growth in length, a process known as primary growth.

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33
Q

Primary Growth

A

Growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots

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34
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants

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35
Q

Lateral Meristems

A

A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems.

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36
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

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37
Q

Cork Cambium

A

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells

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38
Q

Primary Meristems

A

The three meristematic derivatives (protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem) of an apical meristem

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39
Q

Root Cap

A

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem

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40
Q

Endodermis

A

In plant roots, the innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder

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41
Q

Pericycle

A

The outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise

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42
Q

Leaf Primordia

A

A finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises

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43
Q

Apical Dominance

A

Tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth

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44
Q

Stomata

A

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant

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45
Q

Guard Cells

A

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore

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46
Q

Mesophyll

A

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis

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47
Q

Bark

A

All tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm

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48
Q

Lenticel

A

A small raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas exchange between living cells and the outside air

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49
Q

Apoplast

A

Everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell, including cell walls, intercellular spaces, and the space within dead structures such as xylem vessels and tracheids

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50
Q

Symplast

A

In plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells

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51
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of free water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

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52
Q

Water Potential

A

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure

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53
Q

Megapascal

A

A unit of pressure equivalent to about 10 atmospheres of pressure

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54
Q

Solute Potential

A

A component of water potential that is proportional to the molarity of a solution and that measures the effect of solutes on the direction of water movement; also called osmotic potential, it can be either zero or negative.

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55
Q

Pressure Potential

A

A component of water potential that consists of the physical pressure on a solution, which can be positive, zero, or negative

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56
Q

Protoplast

A

The living part of a plant cell, which also includes the plasma membrane

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57
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis

58
Q

Flaccid

A

Limp. Lacking turgor (stiffness or firmness), as in a plant cell in surroundings where there is a tendency for water to leave the cell. (A walled cell becomes flaccid if it has a higher water potential than its surroundings, resulting in the loss of water.)

59
Q

Plasmolysis

A

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.

60
Q

Turgid

A

Swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a lower water potential than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.)

61
Q

Wilting

A

The drooping of leaves and stems that occurs when plant cells become flaccid

62
Q

Bulk Flow

A

The movement of a fluid due to a difference in pressure between two locations

63
Q

Hydroponic Culture

A

A method in which plants are grown in mineral solutions rather than in soil

64
Q

Macronutrients

A

An essential element that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts

65
Q

Micronutrients

A

An essential element that an organism needs in very small amounts

66
Q

Humus

A

Decomposing organic material that is a component of topsoil

67
Q

Loams

A

The most fertile soil type, made up of roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay

68
Q

Cation Exchange

A

A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles

69
Q

Rhizobacteria

A

A soil bacterium whose population size is much enhanced in the rhizosphere, the soil region close to a plant’s roots

70
Q

Rhizosphere

A

The soil region close to plant roots and characterized by a high level of microbiological activity

71
Q

Endophytes

A

A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm to the plant

72
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

The natural process by which nitrogen, either from the atmosphere or from decomposed organic material, is converted by soil bacteria to compounds assimilated by plants. This incorporated nitrogen is then taken in by other organisms and subsequently released, acted on by bacteria, and made available again to the nonliving environment.

73
Q

Nodules

A

A swelling on the root of a legume. Nodules are composed of plant cells that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium.

74
Q

Bacteroids

A

A form of the bacterium Rhizobium contained within the vesicles formed by the root cells of a root nodule

75
Q

Ectomychorrhizae

A

Associations of a fungus with a plant root system in which the fungus surrounds the roots but does not cause invagination of the host (plant) cell’s plasma membrane

76
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

A

Associations of a fungus with a plant root system in which the fungus causes the invagination of the host (plant) cell’s plasma membranes

77
Q

Casparian Strip

A

A water-impermeable ring of wax in the endothermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls

78
Q

Xylem Sap

A

The dilute solution of water and dissolved minerals carried through vessels and tracheids

79
Q

Transpiration

A

The evaporative loss of water from a plant

80
Q

Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis

A

The leading explanation for the ascent of xylem sap. It states that transpiration exerts pull on xylem sap, putting the sap under negative pressure or tension, and that the cohesion of water molecules transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem from shoots to roots.

81
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that persists even in the absence of external cues

82
Q

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

A

A plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing the actions of growth hormones. Two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance.

83
Q

Xerophytes

A

A plant adapted to an arid climate

84
Q

Phloem Sap

A

The sugar-rich solution carried through a plant’s sieve tubes

85
Q

Sugar Source

A

A plant organ in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch. Mature leaves are the primary sugar sources of plants.

86
Q

Sugar Sink

A

A plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar. Growing roots, buds, stems, and fruits are examples of sugar sinks supplied by phloem.

87
Q

Carpels

A

The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary

88
Q

Stamens

A

The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament

89
Q

Petals

A

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.

90
Q

Sepals

A

A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens

91
Q

Receptacle

A

The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs

92
Q

Ovary

A

In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop

93
Q

Style

A

The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top

94
Q

Stigma

A

The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains

95
Q

Pistil

A

A single carpel (a simple pistil) or a group of fused carpels (a compound pistil)

96
Q

Anther

A

In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form

97
Q

Complete Flowers

A

A flower has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

98
Q

Incomplete Flowers

A

A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional

99
Q

Infloresences

A

A group of flowers tightly clustered together

100
Q

ABC Hypothesis

A

A model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs

101
Q

Embryo Sac

A

The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nuclei

102
Q

Megaspores

A

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte

103
Q

Microspores

A

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte

104
Q

Pollen Grain

A

In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

105
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization

106
Q

Pollen Tube

A

A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule

107
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

108
Q

Endosperm

A

In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

109
Q

Double Fertilization

A

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm

110
Q

Dormancy

A

A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development

111
Q

Seed Coat

A

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule. In a flowering plant, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm.

112
Q

Hypocotyl

A

In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and above the radicle

113
Q

Radicle

A

An embryonic root of a plant

114
Q

Epicotyl

A

In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and below the first pair of miniature leaves

115
Q

Coleoptile

A

The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed

116
Q

Coleorhiza

A

The covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed

117
Q

Inhibition

A

The uptake of water by a seed or other structure, resulting in swelling

118
Q

Fruit

A

A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal.

119
Q

Simple Fruits

A

A fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels

120
Q

Aggregate Fruits

A

A fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel

121
Q

Multiple Fruit

A

A fruit derived from an entire inflorescence

122
Q

Accessory Fruit

A

A fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary

123
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes. In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

124
Q

Fragmentation

A

A means of sexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals

125
Q

Apomixis

A

The ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete

126
Q

Vegetative Reproduction

A

Cloning of plants in nature

127
Q

Dioecious

A

In plant biology, having the male and female reproductive parts on different individuals of the same species

128
Q

Self-Incompatibility

A

The ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals

129
Q

Totipotent

A

Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them

130
Q

Vegetative Propagation

A

Cloning of plants by humans

131
Q

Callus

A

A mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells growing at the site of a wound or in culture

132
Q

Stock

A

The plant that provides the root system when making a graft

133
Q

Scion

A

The twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft

134
Q

Transgenic

A

Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains DNA introduced from another organism of the same or a different species

135
Q

Biofuels

A

A fuel produced by biomass

136
Q

Biomass

A

The total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat

137
Q

Herbivory

A

A positive-negative ecological interaction in which an organism eats parts of a plant or alga

138
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

A molecular sequence that is specific to a certain pathogen

139
Q

Effectors

A

A pathogen-encoded protein that cripples a plant’s innate immune system

140
Q

Hypersensitive Response

A

A plant’s localized defense response to a pathogen, involving the death of cells around the site of the infection

141
Q

Systematic Acquired Resistance

A

A defensive response in infected plants that helps protect healthy tissue from pathogenic invasion

142
Q

Salicylic Acid

A

A signaling molecule in plants that may be partially responsible for activating systemic acquired resistance to pathogens

BIOL 1108: Principles of Biology II (9 decks)

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