Exam 2 Flashcards
Sporopollenin
A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out
Alteration of Generations
The life cycles of all plants alternated between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes. Each generation gives rise to the other.
Gametophyte
Multicellular haploid named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes
Sporophyte
Multicellular diploid
Spores
Reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell
Cuticle
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants
Stomata
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant
Nucleariids
Member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists
Yeasts
Single-celled fungus. Yeasts reproduce asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell. Many fungal species can grow both as yeasts and as a network of filaments; relatively few species grow only as yeasts.
Mycorrhizae
A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
A symbiotic fungus whose hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell (enclosed in tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane)
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
A symbiotic fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex
Plasmogamy
In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, followed later by karyogamy.
Karyogamy
In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by plasmogamy.
Vascular Tissue
Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the pant body
Vascular Plants
A plant with vascular tissue. Vascular plants include all living plant species except liverwort, mosses, and hornworts.
Bryophytes
An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
Rhizoids
A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground. Unlike roots, rhizoids are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption.
Lycophytes
An informal name for a member of the phylum Lycophyta, a group of seedless vascular plants that includes club mosses and their relatives
Monilophytes
An informal name for a member of the phylum Monilophyta, a group of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and their relatives
Seedless Vascular Plants
An informal name for a plant that has vascular tissue but lacks seeds. Seedless vascular plants form a paraphyletic group that includes the phyla Lycophyta (club mosses and their relatives) and Monilophyta (ferns and their relatives.)
Xylem
Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant
Tracheids
A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants. Functioning tracheids are no longer living.
Lignin
A strong polymer embedded in the cellulose matrix of the secondary cell walls of vascular plants that provided structural support in terrestrial species
Phloem
Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
Roots
An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil
Microphylls
A small, usually spine-shaped leaf supported by a single strand of vascular tissue, found only in lycophytes
Megaphylls
A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, found in almost all vascular plants other than lycophytes
Seed
An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat
Gymnosperms
A vascular plant that bears naked seeds– seeds not enclosed in protective chambers
Angiosperms
A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary
Integument
Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant
Ovule
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte
Pollen Grain
In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall
Pollination
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization
Conifers
Member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs.
Flower
In an angiosperm, a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function as sexual reproduction
Sepals
A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens
Petals
A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.
Stamens
The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament
Carpels
The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary
Ovary
In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop
Pistil
A single carpel (a simple pistil) or a group of fused carpels (a compound pistil)
Fruit
A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal.
Lichen
A mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium
Endophytes
A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm to the plant
Prokaryotes
An organism that has a prokaryotic cell; an informal term for an organism in either domain Bacteria or domain Archaea.
Protocells
An abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane-like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings