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BIOL 1108: Principles of Biology II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sporopollenin

A

A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out

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2
Q

Alteration of Generations

A

The life cycles of all plants alternated between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes. Each generation gives rise to the other.

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3
Q

Gametophyte

A

Multicellular haploid named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes

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4
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid

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5
Q

Spores

A

Reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell

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6
Q

Cuticle

A

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants

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7
Q

Stomata

A

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant

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8
Q

Nucleariids

A

Member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists

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9
Q

Yeasts

A

Single-celled fungus. Yeasts reproduce asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell. Many fungal species can grow both as yeasts and as a network of filaments; relatively few species grow only as yeasts.

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10
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

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11
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

A

A symbiotic fungus whose hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell (enclosed in tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane)

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12
Q

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

A

A symbiotic fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex

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13
Q

Plasmogamy

A

In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, followed later by karyogamy.

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14
Q

Karyogamy

A

In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by plasmogamy.

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15
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the pant body

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16
Q

Vascular Plants

A

A plant with vascular tissue. Vascular plants include all living plant species except liverwort, mosses, and hornworts.

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17
Q

Bryophytes

A

An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

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18
Q

Rhizoids

A

A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground. Unlike roots, rhizoids are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption.

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19
Q

Lycophytes

A

An informal name for a member of the phylum Lycophyta, a group of seedless vascular plants that includes club mosses and their relatives

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20
Q

Monilophytes

A

An informal name for a member of the phylum Monilophyta, a group of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and their relatives

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21
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

An informal name for a plant that has vascular tissue but lacks seeds. Seedless vascular plants form a paraphyletic group that includes the phyla Lycophyta (club mosses and their relatives) and Monilophyta (ferns and their relatives.)

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22
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant

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23
Q

Tracheids

A

A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants. Functioning tracheids are no longer living.

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24
Q

Lignin

A

A strong polymer embedded in the cellulose matrix of the secondary cell walls of vascular plants that provided structural support in terrestrial species

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25
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

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26
Q

Roots

A

An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil

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27
Q

Microphylls

A

A small, usually spine-shaped leaf supported by a single strand of vascular tissue, found only in lycophytes

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28
Q

Megaphylls

A

A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, found in almost all vascular plants other than lycophytes

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29
Q

Seed

A

An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat

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30
Q

Gymnosperms

A

A vascular plant that bears naked seeds– seeds not enclosed in protective chambers

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31
Q

Angiosperms

A

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary

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32
Q

Integument

A

Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant

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33
Q

Ovule

A

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte

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34
Q

Pollen Grain

A

In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

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35
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization

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36
Q

Conifers

A

Member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs.

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37
Q

Flower

A

In an angiosperm, a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function as sexual reproduction

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38
Q

Sepals

A

A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens

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39
Q

Petals

A

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.

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40
Q

Stamens

A

The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament

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41
Q

Carpels

A

The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary

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42
Q

Ovary

A

In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop

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43
Q

Pistil

A

A single carpel (a simple pistil) or a group of fused carpels (a compound pistil)

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44
Q

Fruit

A

A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal.

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45
Q

Lichen

A

A mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium

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46
Q

Endophytes

A

A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm to the plant

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47
Q

Prokaryotes

A

An organism that has a prokaryotic cell; an informal term for an organism in either domain Bacteria or domain Archaea.

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48
Q

Protocells

A

An abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane-like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings

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49
Q

Ribozymes

A

An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing

50
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

51
Q

Gram-Positive

A

Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria.

52
Q

Gram-Negative

A

Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria.

53
Q

Capsule

A

In many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells.

54
Q

Endospores

A

A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions

55
Q

Fimbriae

A

A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells

56
Q

Pili

A

In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also known as a sex pilus or conjugation pilus.

57
Q

Taxis

A

An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus

58
Q

Nucleoid

A

A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located

59
Q

Plasmids

A

A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, can be used as a vector carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs (10 kb) of DNA.

60
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Gains energy from light and carbon from CO2, HCO3-, or a related compound

61
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Gains energy from inorganic chemicals and carbon from CO2, HCO3-, or a related compound

62
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Gains energy from light and carbon from organic compounds

63
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Gains energy from organic compounds and carbon from organic compounds

64
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains

65
Q

Biofilms

A

A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

66
Q

Transformation

A

A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.

67
Q

Transduction

A

A process in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species, transduction results in horizontal gene transfer.

68
Q

Conjugation

A

In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the two cells are members of different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer.

69
Q

F Factor

A

In bacteria, the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. The F factor may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

70
Q

F Plasmid

A

The plasmid form of the F factor

71
Q

R Plasmids

A

A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics

72
Q

Extremophiles

A

An organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that few other species can survive there. Extremophiles include extreme halophiles (“salt lovers”) and extreme thermophiles (“heat lovers”).

73
Q

Extreme Halophiles

A

An organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea

74
Q

Extreme Thermophiles

A

An organism that thrives in hot environments (often 60 to 80 degrees C or hotter)

75
Q

Methanogens

A

An organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy. All known methanogens are in domain Archaea.

76
Q

Decomposers

A

An organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritivore.

77
Q

Symbiosis

A

An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact

78
Q

Host

A

The larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, often providing a home and food source for the smaller symbiont

79
Q

Symbiont

A

The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host

80
Q

Mutualism

A

An ecological interaction that benefits individuals of both of the interacting species

81
Q

Commensalism

A

A positive-neutral ecological interaction that benefits the individuals of one species but neither harms nor helps the individuals of the other species

82
Q

Parasitism

A

A positive-negative ecological interaction in which one organism, the parasite, benefits by feeding upon another organism, the host, which is harmed; some parasites live within the host (feeding on its tissues), while others feed on the host’s external surface.

83
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. Parasites harm but usually do not kill their host.

84
Q

Pathogens

A

An organism or virus that causes disease

85
Q

Exotoxins

A

A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present

86
Q

Endotoxins

A

A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die

87
Q

Bioremediation

A

The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

88
Q

Protists

A

An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.

89
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A mutually beneficial relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism.

90
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

91
Q

Serial Endosymbiosis

A

A hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosymbiotic events in which mitochondria, chloroplasts, and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells

92
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell

93
Q

Excavata

A

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Excavates have unique cytoskeletal features, and some species have an “excavated” feeding groove on one side of the cell body.

94
Q

SAR

A

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This supergroup contains a large, extremely diverse collection of protists from three major subgroups: stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians.

95
Q

Stramenopiles

A

One of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis and includes diatoms and brown algae.

96
Q

Diatoms

A

A photosynthetic protist in the stramenopile clade; diatoms have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix.

97
Q

Brown Algae

A

A multicellular, photosynthetic protist with a characteristic brown or olive color that results from carotenoids in its plastids. Most brown algae are marine, and some have a plantlike body.

98
Q

Alveolates

A

One of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis, and its members have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) located just under the plasma membrane.

99
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Member of a group of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell

100
Q

Mixotrophs

A

An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy

101
Q

Ciliates

A

A type of protist that moves by means of cilia

102
Q

Rhizarians

A

One of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. Many species in this clade are amoebas characterized by threadlike pseudopodia.

103
Q

Amoebas

A

A member of one of several groups of unicellular eukaryotes that have pseudopodia

104
Q

Pseudopodia

A

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

105
Q

Cercozoans

A

An amoeboid or flagellated protist that feeds with threadlike pseudopodia

106
Q

Archaeplastida

A

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This monophyletic group, which includes red algae, green algae, and plants, descended from an ancient protistan ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium.

107
Q

Red Algae

A

A photosynthetic protist, named for its color, which results from a red pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll. Most red algae are multicellular and marine.

108
Q

Green Algae

A

A photosynthetic protist, named for green chloroplasts that are similar in structure and pigment composition to the chloroplasts of plants. Green algae are a paraphyletic group; some members are more closely related to plants than they are to other green algae.

109
Q

Unikonta

A

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This clade, which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts.

110
Q

Amoebozoan

A

A protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia

111
Q

Opisthokonts

A

Member of an extremely diverse clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi, animals, and several closely related groups of protists

112
Q

Producers

A

An organism that produces organic compounds from carbon dioxide by harnessing light energy (in photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (in chemosynthetic reactions carried out by some prokaryotes).

113
Q

Consumers

A

An organism that feeds on producers, other consumers, or on nonliving organic material

114
Q

Apicomplexans

A

A group of alveolate protists, this clade includes many species that parasitize animals. Some apicomplexans cause human disease.

115
Q

Clades

A

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

116
Q

Monophyletic

A

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.

117
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

118
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor

119
Q

Ancestral Character

A

A character that is shared by members of a particular clade but that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade

120
Q

Derived Character

A

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

BIOL 1108: Principles of Biology II (9 decks)

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