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BIOL 1108: Principles of Biology II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural Selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

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2
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

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3
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise

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4
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence

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5
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary change below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations

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6
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences

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7
Q

Gene Variability

A

Genetic variation at the whole-gene level

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7
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA

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8
Q

Neutral Variation

A

Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage

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9
Q

What are some of the main factors that alter genetic variation?

A
  • Formation of new alleles
  • Altering gene number or position
  • Rapid reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction (crossing over, independent assortment, fertilization)
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10
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

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11
Q

Gene Pool

A

The aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population. The term is also used in a more restricted sense as the aggregate of alleles for just one or a few loci in a population.

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12
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

The state of a population in which frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

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13
Q

Adaptive Evolution

A

A process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency in a population over time

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14
Q

Genetic Drift

A

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.

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15
Q

Founder Effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new po;pulation whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population

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16
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

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17
Q

Gene Flow

A

The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

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18
Q

Relative Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributors of other individuals in the population

19
Q

Directional Selection

A

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals

20
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes

21
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes

22
Q

Balancing Selection

A

Natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population

23
Q

Heterozygote Advantage

A

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool

24
Q

Frequency-Dependent Selection

A

Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population

25
Q

Sexual Selection

A

A process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates

26
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species

27
Q

Speciation

A

An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species

28
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolutionary change above the species level. Examples of macroevolutionary change include the origin of a new group of organisms through a series of speciation events and the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of life and its subsequent recovery.

29
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups.

30
Q

Species

A

A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups

31
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

32
Q

Hybrids

A

Offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species or from two true-breeding varieties of the same species

33
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A

A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted

34
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A

A reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults

35
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Definition of a species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria

36
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Definition of a species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment

37
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another

38
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

39
Q

Polyploidy

A

A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.

40
Q

Autopolyploid

A

An individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species

41
Q

Allopolyploid

A

A fertile individual that has more than two chromosome sets as a result of two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes

42
Q

Hybrid Zone

A

A geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

43
Q

Reinforcement

A

In evolutionary biology, a process in which natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction, thus reducing the changes of hybrid formation. Such a process is likely to occur only if hybrid offspring are less fit than members of the parent species.

44
Q

Fusion

A

In evolutionary biology, a process in which gene flow between two species that can form hybrid offspring weakens barriers to reproduction between the species. This process causes their gene pools to become increasingly alike and can cause the two species to fuse into a single species.

45
Q

Stability

A

In evolutionary biology, a term referring to a hybrid zone in which hybrids continue to be produced; this causes the hybrid zone to be “stable” in the sense of persisting over time.

46
Q

Punctuated Equilibria

A

In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change

BIOL 1108: Principles of Biology II (2 decks)

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