Exam 3 Flashcards
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents Drugs
Anemia
Epoetin Alfa
Darbepoetin Alfa
Epoetin Alfa
Darbepoetin Alfa
Class
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents MOA
Anemia
Act like erythropoietin to stimulate production RBC in bone marrow
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents Indication
Anemia
Rx anemia associated with chronic renal failure or kidney disease
Epoetin Alfa: associated AIDS and decreased need for blood transfusions
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents
Anemia
Epoetin Alfa
Darbepoetin Alfa
Act like erythropoietin to stimulate production RBC in bone marrow
Rx anemia associated with chronic renal failure or kidney disease
Epoetin Alfa: associated AIDS and decreased need for blood transfusions
Absolute: uncontrolled HTN
Relative: P/L
Caution: some cancers, nL renal function (cause rebound anemia)
Seizures
Increase risk of DVT when Hgb is greater than 11 g/dL
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents Unique ADE
Anemia
Seizures
Increase risk of DVT when Hgb is greater than 11 g/dL
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents C/C
Anemia
Absolute: uncontrolled HTN
Relative: P/L
Caution: some cancers, nL renal function (cause rebound anemia)
Anti-Anemia Lifespan Considerations
Children:
iron prep through straw because stain teeth
nutrition
Epoetin alfa not establish
Adult:
comfort constipation for iron replacement
increase supplementation in P/L
Epoetin alfa/Darbepoetin no in P/L
Iron Deficient Anemia
Anemia
Ferrous Asparate, Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Gluconate, Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Dextran, Iron Sucrose
MOA: increase serum iron levels
Indication: rx iron deficient anemia; adjunct therapy when receiving epoetin alfa
Absolute: hemochromatosis; anemia not iron deficient toxic
Relative: peptic ulcer, colitis, regional enteritis
D-D: numerous
D-F: eggs, milk, tea, coffee; encourage vitamin C
ADE: staining teeth
Antidote: de-fer
Iron Deficient Anemia Drugs
Anemia
Ferrous Asparate, Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Gluconate, Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Dextran, Iron Sucrose
Iron Deficient Anemia MOA
Anemia
MOA: increase serum iron levels
Iron Deficient Anemia Indication
Anemia
Indication: rx iron deficient anemia; adjunct therapy when receiving epoetin alfa
Iron Deficient Anemia Antidote
Anemia
Antidote: de-fer
Iron Deficient Anemia C/C
Anemia
Absolute: hemochromatosis; anemia not iron deficient toxic
Relative: peptic ulcer, colitis, regional enteritis
D-D: numerous
D-F: eggs, milk, tea, coffee; encourage vitamin C
Iron Deficient Anemia Unique ADE
Staining teeth
Megaloblastic Anemia
Anemia
Folic Acid: Leucovorin; Levoleucovorin
Vitamin B12: Hydroxocobalamin; Cyanocobalamin
MOA: essential for cell growth and division of RBC
B12: maintenance of myelin sheath
Indication:
Megaloblastic anemia
replacement therapy for dietary deficiencies and high demand states
Folic acid used rescue drug for cells exposed toxic chemotherapy agents
Give both types drug in pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency: beefy red tongue
Secondary folate deficiency cause by alcoholism
Parenteral B12 given IM each day for 5-10 days and then once a month for life for pernicious anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia Drugs
Anemia
Folic Acid: Leucovorin; Levoleucovorin
Vitamin B12: Hydroxocobalamin; Cyanocobalamin
MOA: essential for cell growth and division of RBC
B12: maintenance of myelin sheath
Megaloblastic Anemia MOA
MOA: essential for cell growth and division of RBC
B12: maintenance of myelin sheath
Megaloblastic Anemia Indications
Indication:
Megaloblastic anemia
replacement therapy for dietary deficiencies and high demand states
Folic acid used rescue drug for cells exposed toxic chemotherapy agents
Megaloblastic Anemia ADPIE
Give both types drug in pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency: beefy red tongue
Secondary folate deficiency cause by alcoholism
Parenteral B12 given IM each day for 5-10 days and then once a month for life for pernicious anemia
Ferrous Asparate, Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Gluconate, Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Dextran, Iron Sucrose
Class
Iron Deficient Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Anemia
Hydroxyurea
Increase amount of fetal hemoglobin produced in bone marrow and dilutes formation of abnormal hemoglobin S
Relative: severe anemia or leukopenia
D-D: Uricosuric agents
Rare ADE: increase risk of cancer
Hydroxyurea Class
Sickle Cell Anemia
Opioid Agonist
Analgesics
Morphine, Hydromorphone, Codeine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone
MOA: acts at specific opioid receptor sites in CNS to produce analgesia, sedation, euphoria
Indication: relief of severe acute or chronic pain; analgesia during anesthesia
Absolute: diarrhea caused by poisons
Cautions:
respiratory dysfunction, asthma, emphysema
P/L
GI or GU surgery; Acute abdomen or ulcerative colitis
Head injury, alcoholism, CVA, delirium tremens
Antidote: opioid antagonist
Opioid Agonist Drug
Morphine, Hydromorphone, Codeine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone
Opioid Agonist MOA
Acts at specific opioid receptor sites in CNS to produce analgesia, sedation, euphoria
Opioid Agonist Indication
Relief of severe acute or chronic pain; analgesia during anesthesia
Opioid Agonist Antidote
opioid antagonist
Opioid Agonist C/C
Absolute: diarrhea caused by poisons
Cautions:
respiratory dysfunction, asthma, emphysema
P/L
GI or GU surgery; Acute abdomen or ulcerative colitis
Head injury, alcoholism, CVA, delirium tremens
Morphine, Hydromorphone, Codeine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone Class
Opioid Agonist
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist
Analgesic
Buprenorphine, Butorphanol, Nalbuphine
MOA: act as partial agonist at mu receptor and antagonist at kappa receptor in CNS to produce analgesia, sedation, euphoria, hallucination
Indication: moderate to severe pain; some can be used to treat opioid use disorder
Absolute:
Nalbuphine: sulfite allergy
Cautions:
physical dependence on narcotic
COPD and respiratory tract disease
Acute MI or hx CAD, HTN
P/L
D-D: Barbiturate general anesthetic or narcotic agent
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist Drugs
Buprenorphine, Butorphanol, Nalbuphine
Buprenorphine, Butorphanol, Nalbuphine Class
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist MOA
act as partial agonist at mu receptor and antagonist at kappa receptor in CNS to produce analgesia, sedation, euphoria, hallucination
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist Indication
Moderate to severe pain; some can be used to treat opioid use disorder
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist C/C & D-D
Absolute:
Nalbuphine: sulfite allergy
Cautions:
physical dependence on narcotic
COPD and respiratory tract disease
Acute MI or hx CAD, HTN
P/L
D-D: Barbiturate general anesthetic or narcotic agent
Opioid Antagonist
Analgesic
Naloxone
Naltrexone
MOA: bind strongly to opioid receptor but do not activate
Indication
Naloxone: reverse adverse effect opioid; dx suspected acute opioid OD
Naltrexone: oral manage alcohol or opioid dependence
D-D: larger dose to reverse effects opioid agonist-antagonist
Antimigraine Ergot Derivatives
Dihydroergotamine and Ergotamine
MOA: block alpha adrenergic and serotonin receptor sites in brain cause constriction cranial vessels, decrease cranial artery pulsation, and decrease hyper-perfusion of basilar artery bed
Indication: prevention of migraine (aura)
Absolute: CAD, HTN, PVD
Caution: pruritus, malnutrition
D-D: Beta blocker and Triptans
Antimigraine Ergot Derivatives Drugs
Dihydroergotamine and Ergotamine
Dihydroergotamine and Ergotamine Class
Antimigraine Ergot Derivatives
Antimigraine Ergot Derivatives MOA
block alpha adrenergic and serotonin receptor sites in brain cause constriction cranial vessels, decrease cranial artery pulsation, and decrease hyper-perfusion of basilar artery bed
Antimigraine Ergot Derivatives Indications
prevention of migraine (aura)
Antimigraine Ergot Derivatives C/C & D-D
Absolute: CAD, HTN, PVD
Caution: pruritus, malnutrition
D-D: Beta blocker and Triptans
Antimigraine Triptans
Eletriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan
MOA: Bind to selective serotonin receptors to cause vasoconstriction of cranial vessels
Indication: treat acute migraine
Absolute: pregnancy and CAD
Caution: elderly, risk factors for CAD, lactation
D-D: ergot-containing drugs
Antimigraine Triptans Drugs
Eletriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan
Eletriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan Class
Antimigraine Triptans
Antimigraine Triptans MOA
Bind to selective serotonin receptors to cause vasoconstriction of cranial vessels
Antimigraine Triptans Indications
treat acute migraine
Antimigraine Triptans C/C & D-D
Absolute: pregnancy and CAD
Caution: elderly, risk factors for CAD, lactation
D-D: ergot-containing drugs
Antimigraine CGRP Inhibitors & Serotonin Agonist
CGRP Inhibitors: Rimegepant
MOA: inhibits a potent vasodilator chemical released during migraine HA
Indication: acute migraine HA
Only migraine drug taken on a schedule to prevent or decrease the number of migraines
Serotonin Agonist: Lasmiditan
MOA: selective serotonin agonist leading to vasoconstriction
Indication: acute migraine with or without aura in adults
Antimigraine CGRP Inhibitors & Serotonin Agonist Drugs
CGRP Inhibitors: Rimegepant
Serotonin Agonist: Lasmiditan
CGRP Inhibitors: Rimegepant
Serotonin Agonist: Lasmiditan
Antimigraine CGRP Inhibitors & Serotonin Agonist
Antimigraine CGRP Inhibitors & Serotonin Agonist MOA
CGRP Inhibitors: Rimegepant
MOA: inhibits a potent vasodilator chemical released during migraine HA
Serotonin Agonist: Lasmiditan
MOA: selective serotonin agonist leading to vasoconstriction
Antimigraine CGRP Inhibitors & Serotonin Agonist Incations
CGRP Inhibitors: Rimegepant
Indication: acute migraine HA
Only migraine drug taken on a schedule to prevent or decrease the number of migraines
Serotonin Agonist: Lasmiditan
Indication: acute migraine with or without aura in adults
Which antimigraine drug is the only one take on a schedule to prevent migraine
Rimegepant - CGRP Inhibitor
Aminoglycoside
Antibiotic
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin
Bactericidal
Treat serious bacterial infections
Relative: renal/hepatic dz, P/L, hearing loss, Myasthenia Graves and Parkinson Disease
ADE: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, bone marrow depression
D-D:
Penicillin and cephalosporin (synergy)
Loop diuretic: ototoxicity risk
Parenteral penicillin
Patient teaching
know signs of allergic reaction
decrease urine output is indicated of nephrotoxicity
changes in hearing
Aminoglycoside Drugs
Antibiotic
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin Class
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside MOA
Antibiotic
Bactericidal
Aminoglycoside Indication
Antibiotic
Treat serious bacterial infections
Aminoglycoside Relative Contraindication
Antibiotic
Relative: renal/hepatic dz, P/L, hearing loss, Myasthenia Graves and Parkinson Disease
Aminoglycoside ADE
Antibiotic
ADE: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, bone marrow depression
Aminoglycoside Drug to Drug
Antibiotic
D-D:
Penicillin and cephalosporin (synergy)
Loop diuretic: ototoxicity risk
Parenteral penicillin
Aminoglycoside Patient Teaching
Antibiotic
Patient teaching
know signs of allergic reaction
decrease urine output is indicated of nephrotoxicity
changes in hearing
Carbapenem
Antibiotic
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Imipenem-cilastatin
Imipenem-cillastatin-relebactam
Meropenem
Meropenem-Vaborbactam
Bactericidal
Treat serious bacterial infections
Relative: allergy to beta-lactam; kidney disease
D-D: increase risk of seizure when combined with other drugs
ADE:
Toxic GI effects leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance from pseudomembranous colitis, Clostridium difficile diarrhea, and N/V
Superinfection
CNS effect
Carbapenem Drugs
Antibiotic
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Imipenem-cilastatin
Imipenem-cillastatin-relebactam
Meropenem
Meropenem-Vaborbactam
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Imipenem-cilastatin
Imipenem-cillastatin-relebactam
Meropenem
Meropenem-Vaborbactam
Carbapenem
Carbapenem MOA
Antibiotic
Bactericidal
Carbapenem Indication
Antibiotic
Treat serious bacterial infections
Carbapenem Relative Contraindication
Antibiotic
Relative: allergy to beta-lactam; kidney disease
Carbapenem ADE
Antibiotic
ADE:
Toxic GI effects leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance from pseudomembranous colitis, Clostridium difficile diarrhea, and N/V
Superinfection
CNS effect
Carbapenem D-D
Antibiotic
D-D: increase risk of seizure when combined with other drugs
Cephalosporins
Antibiotic
Cephalexin
Cefaclor, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime,
Cefdinir, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefazoline
Bactericidal or bacteriostatic
Treat bacterial infections
Relative: allergies to penicillin and renal impairment
D-D:
aminoglycosides: increase risk of nephrotoxicity
Warfarin: increase risk of bleeding
ADE:
N/V/D/F
abdominal pain
Pseudomembranous colitis
C. diff
Superinfection
Nephrotoxicity
CNS
Injection site inflammation, irritation, infection
Cephalosporins Drugs
Antibiotic
Cephalexin
Cefaclor, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime,
Cefdinir, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefazoline
Cephalexin
Cefaclor, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime,
Cefdinir, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefazoline
Class
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins MOA
Antibiotic
Bactericidal or bacteriostatic
Cephalosporins Indications
Antibiotic
Treat bacterial infections
Cephalosporins Relative Contraindication
Antibiotic
Relative: allergies to penicillin and renal impairment
Cephalosporins D-D
Antibiotic
D-D:
aminoglycosides: increase risk of nephrotoxicity
Warfarin: increase risk of bleeding
Cephalosporins ADE
Antibiotic
ADE:
N/V/D/F
abdominal pain
Pseudomembranous colitis
C. diff
Superinfection
Nephrotoxicity
CNS
Injection site inflammation, irritation, infection
Fluoroquinolones
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Ofloxacin
Bacteriostatic
Treat bacterial infection
Relative:
renal dysfunction, liver impairment, Myasthenia Graves, seizure disorder
D-D:
iron salt, sucralfate, mineral supplement, antiacids
other drugs increase QT interval
Theophylline
NSAIDs
ADE:
bone arrow depression, photosensitivity, liver toxicity
Black Box Warning: risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture; CNS effects including hallucinations
Fluoroquinolones Drugs
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Ofloxacin
Black Box Warning: risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture; CNS effects including hallucinations
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Ofloxacin
Class
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones MOA
Antibiotic
Bacteriostatic
Black Box Warning: risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture; CNS effects including hallucinations
Fluoroquinolones Indication
Treat bacterial infection
Fluoroquinolones Relative Contraindication
Antibiotic
Relative:
renal dysfunction, liver impairment, Myasthenia Graves, seizure disorder
Black Box Warning: risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture; CNS effects including hallucinations
Fluoroquinolones D-D
Antibiotic
D-D:
iron salt, sucralfate, mineral supplement, antiacids
other drugs increase QT interval
Theophylline
NSAIDs
Black Box Warning: risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture; CNS effects including hallucinations
Fluoroquinolones ADE
Antibiotic
ADE:
bone arrow depression, photosensitivity, liver toxicity
Black Box Warning: risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture; CNS effects including hallucinations
Fluoroquinolones BBW
Antibiotic
Black Box Warning: risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture; CNS effects including hallucinations
Penicillin and Penicillinase Resistant
Antibiotic
Penicillin G Benzathine
Penicillin G Potassium
Penicillin G Procaine
Penicillin V
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Bactericidal - Broad Spectrum
Treat bacterial infections
Relative Contra:
allergy to cephalosporins
renal dz
D-D: parenteral aminoglycosides
ADE:
GI tract irritation
infection at injection site
superinfection
Penicillin and Penicillinase Resistant Drugs
Antibiotic
Penicillin G Benzathine
Penicillin G Potassium
Penicillin G Procaine
Penicillin V
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Penicillin and Penicillinase Resistant MOA
Antibiotic
Bactericidal - Broad Spectrum
Penicillin and Penicillinase Resistant Indication
Antibiotic
Treat bacterial infections
Penicillin and Penicillinase Resistant Relative Contraindication & D-D
Antibiotic
Relative Contra:
allergy to cephalosporins
renal dz
D-D: parenteral aminoglycosides
Penicillin and Penicillinase Resistant ADE
Antibiotic
ADE:
GI tract irritation
infection at injection site
superinfection
Penicillin G Benzathine
Penicillin G Potassium
Penicillin G Procaine
Penicillin V
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Class
Penicillin and Penicillinase Resistant
Sulfonamides
Antibiotic
Sulfadiazine
Sulfasalazine
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Bacteriostatic by inhibiting folic acid synthesis (prevent reproduction of bacteria)
Treat bacterial infections
Relative Contra:
Allergy to thiazide diuretic
Pregnancy: possible teratogenic
Caution: renal dz and kidney stones
D-D:
Sulfonylurea (antidiabetic: glyburide, glipizide)
Cyclosporine: increase risk of nephrotoxic
ADE:
GI: N/V/D, stomatitis, abdominal pain
Renal: hematuria, crystalluria, proteinuria, hyperkalemia
CNS: HA & dizziness
Skin: Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Bone marrow depression
Sulfonamides Drugs
Antibiotic
Sulfadiazine
Sulfasalazine
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfonamides MOA
Antibiotic
Bacteriostatic by inhibiting folic acid synthesis (prevent reproduction of bacteria)
Sulfonamides Indication
Antibiotic
Treat bacterial infections
Sulfonamides Relative Contraindication, Cautions, D-D
Antibiotic
Relative Contra:
Allergy to thiazide diuretic
Pregnancy: possible teratogenic
Caution: renal dz and kidney stones
D-D:
Sulfonylurea (antidiabetic: glyburide, glipizide)
Cyclosporine: increase risk of nephrotoxic
Sulfonamides ADE
Antibiotic
ADE:
GI: N/V/D, stomatitis, abdominal pain
Renal: hematuria, crystalluria, proteinuria, hyperkalemia
CNS: HA & dizziness
Skin: Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Bone marrow depression
Sulfadiazine
Sulfasalazine
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Class
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Antibiotic
Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline
MOA: Bacteriostatic
Indication: Treat bacterial infections; substitute when PCN is contraindicated
Relative Contra:
P/L; hepatic impairment
Caution:
children under 8 YO
D-D: Digoxin
D-F: administer on empty stomach
ADE:
Hepatotoxicity
Photosensitivity
Damage to teeth and bones
Superinfection
Tetracyclines Drugs
Antibiotic
Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline
Tetracyclines MOA
Antibiotic
MOA: Bacteriostatic
Tetracyclines Indications
Antibiotic
Indication: Treat bacterial infections; substitute when PCN is contraindicated
Tetracyclines Relative Contraindication, Caution, Drug Interactions
Antibiotic
Relative Contra:
P/L; hepatic impairment
Caution:
children under 8 YO
D-D: Digoxin
D-F: administer on empty stomach
Tetracyclines ADE
ADE:
Hepatotoxicity
Photosensitivity
Damage to teeth and bones
Superinfection
Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline Class
Tetracyclines
Antimycobacterial & Antituberculosis
Antibiotics
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid (INH)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
MOA: Bactericidal
Indications: Treat tuberculosis
Relative Contraindications:
renal or hepatic failure P/L
D-D:
Rifampin and Isoniazid together cause liver toxicity
ADE:
interferes with hormonal birth control
Rifampin: RED-fampin
discolor bodily fluids red or orange
problems with contact lenses
liver toxicity
Isoniazid:
interferes with absorption B6
liver toxicity
Ethambutol: e = eye
baseline and periodic eye exam because report blurred vision or color change
Antimycobacterial & Antituberculosis Drugs
Antibiotics
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid (INH)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Antimycobacterial & Antituberculosis MOA
Antibiotics
MOA: Bactericidal
Antimycobacterial & Antituberculosis Indications
Antibiotics
Indications: Treat tuberculosis
Antimycobacterial & Antituberculosis Relative Contraindication, D-D
Antibiotic
Relative Contraindications:
renal or hepatic failure P/L
D-D:
Rifampin and Isoniazid together cause liver toxicity
Antimycobacterial & Antituberculosis ADE
Antibiotics
ADE:
interferes with hormonal birth control
Rifampin: RED-fampin
discolor bodily fluids red or orange
problems with contact lenses
liver toxicity
Isoniazid:
interferes with absorption B6
liver toxicity
Ethambutol: e = eye
baseline and periodic eye exam because report blurred vision or color change
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid (INH)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Class
Antimycobacterial & Antituberculosis
Other Antibiotic
Lincosamides: Clindamycin; lincomycin
Treat serious infection because risk of Pseudomembranous colitis
Lipoglycopeptides: Telavancin; Dalbavancin; Oritavancin (IV) Vancomycin (IV or oral; oral treat c. diff)
ADE: risk of nephrotoxicity, prolonged QT interval, foamy urine
Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Fidaxomicin
Oxazolidinones: Tedizolid; Linezolid;
ADE: HTN
Monobactam: Aztreonam (IV or IM)
Lincosamides: Clindamycin; Lincomycin
Lipoglycopeptides: Telavancin; Dalbavancin; Oritavancin Vancomycin
Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Fidaxomicin
Oxazolidinones: Tedizolid; Linezolid;
Monobactam: Aztreonam
Class
Other antibiotics
Systemic Antifungal
Antifungal
Azole: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Voriconazole
Echinocandin: Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, Micafungin
Other: Amphotericin, Griseofulvin, Nystatin
Azole MOA:
Binds to sterols causing cell death; inhibits glucan synthesis
Echinocandin MOA: inhibit glucan synthesis
Indications: fungal infections
Griseofulvin: nail and scalp infections
Nystatin: oral candida (thrush)
Relative Contraindications: hepatic and renal dysfunction; P/L
D-D:
Azole: numerous
Echinocandin: cyclosporine-caspofungin cause liver injury
ADE:
Azole: liver toxicity, teratogenic effects
Echinocandin: liver toxicity, teratogenic effects, bone marrow suppression
Amphotericin B: renal toxicity, bone marrow suppression, GI effects
Systemic Antifungal Drugs
Azole: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Voriconazole
Echinocandin: Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, Micafungin
Other: Amphotericin, Griseofulvin, Nystatin
Azole: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Voriconazole
Echinocandin: Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, Micafungin
Other: Amphotericin, Griseofulvin, Nystatin
Class
Systemic Antifungal
Topical Antifungal
Antifungal
Azole: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole, Tioconazole
Terbinafine, Tolnaftate
MOA: prevent replication causing fungal death
Indication: local dermatophytes including ringworm infections
Relative contraindication: open areas
Azole: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole, Tioconazole
Terbinafine, Tolnaftate
Class
Topical Antifungal
Topical Antifungal Drugs
Azole: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole, Tioconazole
Terbinafine, Tolnaftate
Agents for Influenza A and Respiratory Viruses
Antiviral
Amantadine
Oseltamivir
Peramivir
Rimantadine
Zanamivir
MOA: prevent viral replication
Indication: treat respiratory virus
Relative Contraindication: P/L; renal impairment (lower dose)
ADE:
Dizziness
Insomnia
Nausea
Orthostatic hypotension
Urinary retention
Peramivir associated with Stevens Johnson Syndrome
Nursing Process:
start ASAP after exposure usually within 2 days of starting symptoms
Administer the full course
Agents for Influenza A and Respiratory Viruses Drugs
Antiviral
Amantadine
Oseltamivir
Peramivir
Rimantadine
Zanamivir
Agents for Influenza A and Respiratory Viruses MOA, Indications & Relative Contraindications
MOA: prevent viral replication
Indication: treat respiratory virus
Relative Contraindication: P/L; renal impairment (lower dose)
Agents for Influenza A and Respiratory Viruses ADE & Nursing Process
ADE:
Dizziness
Insomnia
Nausea
Orthostatic hypotension
Urinary retention
Peramivir associated with Stevens Johnson Syndrome
Nursing Process:
start ASAP after exposure usually within 2 days of starting symptoms
Administer the full course
Amantadine
Oseltamivir
Peramivir
Rimantadine
Zanamivir
Class
Agents for Influenza A and Respiratory Viruses
Agents for Herpes and Cytomegalovirus
Antivirals
Acyclovir
Ganciclovir
Valacyclovir
Valganciclovir
MOA: inhibit viral DNA replication
Indication: treat HSV and CMV
Absolute: highly toxic in pregnancy
Relative: lactation, renal dz, severe CNS disorders
D-D:
nephrotoxic drug will increase risk of nephrotoxicity
Zidovudine: increase drowsiness
ADE:
N/V
HA
Rash
Hair loss
Paresthesia
Neuropathy
Renal Dysfunction
Patient teaching:
good hydration to decrease risk of renal toxicity
complete full course
wear protective gloves if applying topically
Does not cure and they can still transmit the virus
Agents for Herpes and Cytomegalovirus Drugs
Antivirals
Acyclovir
Ganciclovir
Valacyclovir
Valganciclovir
Acyclovir
Ganciclovir
Valacyclovir
Valganciclovir
Class
Agents for Herpes and Cytomegalovirus
Agents for Herpes and Cytomegalovirus MOA, Indications, ADE
MOA: inhibit viral DNA replication
Indication: treat HSV and CMV
ADE:
N/V
HA
Rash
Hair loss
Paresthesia
Neuropathy
Renal Dysfunction
Agents for Herpes and Cytomegalovirus Contraindications & D-D
Absolute: highly toxic in pregnancy
Relative: lactation, renal dz, severe CNS disorders
D-D:
nephrotoxic drug will increase risk of nephrotoxicity
Zidovudine: increase drowsiness
Agents for Herpes and Cytomegalovirus Patient Teaching
Patient teaching:
good hydration to decrease risk of renal toxicity
complete full course
wear protective gloves if applying topically
Does not cure and they can still transmit the virus
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Antiviral
Abacavir
Emtricitabine
Lamivudine
Tenofovir
Zidovudine
MOA: competes with naturally occurring nucleosides within the cell that the virus would use to build DNA (interferes with viral replication)
Relative Contraindication: Lactation
Caution:
Hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, bone marrow suppression
ADE:
hypersensitivity
pancreatitis
hepatomegaly
neurologic problems
bone marrow suppression
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors MOA
Antiviral
MOA: competes with naturally occurring nucleosides within the cell that the virus would use to build DNA (interferes with viral replication)
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors C/C
Relative Contraindication: Lactation
Caution:
Hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, bone marrow suppression
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ADE
ADE:
hypersensitivity
pancreatitis
hepatomegaly
neurologic problems
bone marrow suppression
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Drugs
Abacavir
Emtricitabine
Lamivudine
Tenofovir
Zidovudine
Abacavir
Emtricitabine
Lamivudine
Tenofovir
Zidovudine
Class
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Antivirals
Delavirdine
Efavirenz
Nevirapine
MOA: bind directly to HIV reverse transcriptase blocking both RNA and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities
Relative Contraindication: P/L
ADE:
N/V/D/C
Dizziness
Blurred vision
HA
flu-like symptoms
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Drugs
Antivirals
Delavirdine
Efavirenz
Nevirapine
Delavirdine
Efavirenz
Nevirapine
Class
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors MOA
MOA: bind directly to HIV reverse transcriptase blocking both RNA and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Contraindication and ADE
Relative Contraindication: P/L
ADE:
N/V/D/C
Dizziness
Blurred vision
HA
flu-like symptoms
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Fusion Inhibitor
Antiviral
Enfuvirtide
MOA: prevent the fusion of virus with human cellular membrane (interferes with viral replication)
Relative Contraindication: Lactation
Caution: lung dz and pregnancy
ADE:
Insomnia
Depression
Peripheral neuropathy
Nausea
Diarrhea
Pneumonia
Injection site reaction
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Fusion Inhibitor Drug
Antiviral
Enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide
Class
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Fusion Inhibitor
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Fusion Inhibitor MOA
MOA: prevent the fusion of virus with human cellular membrane (interferes with viral replication)
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Fusion Inhibitor C/C & ADE
Relative Contraindication: Lactation
Caution: lung dz and pregnancy
ADE:
Insomnia
Depression
Peripheral neuropathy
Nausea
Diarrhea
Pneumonia
Injection site reaction
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Protease Inhibitors
Antivirals
Darunavir
Fosamprenavir
Lopinavir
Ritonavir
Tipranavir
MOA: block protease activity within HIV virus (interferes with viral replication)
Relative Contraindication: lactation and hepatic dysfunction
ADE:
GI effects
Change in liver function
Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Redistribution of fate to face, neck, and upper back
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Protease Inhibitors Drugs
Antivirals
Darunavir
Fosamprenavir
Lopinavir
Ritonavir
Tipranavir
Darunavir
Fosamprenavir
Lopinavir
Ritonavir
Tipranavir
Class
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Protease Inhibitors
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Protease Inhibitors MOA
MOA: block protease activity within HIV virus (interferes with viral replication)
Agents for HIV/AIDS
Protease Inhibitors Contraindication & ADE
Relative Contraindication: lactation and hepatic dysfunction
ADE:
GI effects
Change in liver function
Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Redistribution of fate to face, neck, and upper back
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Agent for AIDS/HIV
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors
Antiviral
Dolutegravir
Raltegravir
MOA: Inhibits the activity of virus-specific enzyme
Caution:
Rhabdomyolysis, Myopathy, Pregnancy
D-D: decrease serum level is combined with Rifampin
ADE:
HA, dizziness, insomnia
Weight gain
Liver failure
Renal impairment
Suicidal ideation
Agent for AIDS/HIV
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Drugs
Antiviral
Dolutegravir
Raltegravir
Dolutegravir
Raltegravir
Class
Agent for AIDS/HIV
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors
Agent for AIDS/HIV
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors MOA
MOA: Inhibits the activity of virus-specific enzyme
Agent for AIDS/HIV
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Caution, D-D, ADE
Caution:
Rhabdomyolysis, Myopathy, Pregnancy
D-D: decrease serum level is combined with Rifampin
ADE:
HA, dizziness, insomnia
Weight gain
Liver failure
Renal impairment
Suicidal ideation
Agents HIV/AIDS
CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist
Antiviral
Maraviroc
MOA: bock the receptor site on the cell membrane to which HIV needs to interact to enter the cell (disrupt viral replication)
Relative Contraindication: lactation and liver dz
ADE:
Dizziness and changes in consciousness
URI
BBW: severe hepatotoxicity
Agents HIV/AIDS
CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist Drug
Antiviral
Maraviroc
Agents HIV/AIDS
CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist
MOA: bock the receptor site on the cell membrane to which HIV needs to interact to enter the cell (disrupt viral replication)
Agents HIV/AIDS
CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist Contraindication & ADE & BBW
Relative Contraindication: lactation and liver dz
ADE:
Dizziness and changes in consciousness
URI
BBW: severe hepatotoxicity
Maraviroc
Class
Agents HIV/AIDS
CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist
Anti-Hepatitis B Agents
Antiviral
Adefovir
Entecavir
MOA: inhibit reverse transcriptase in Hep B virus and cause DNA chain termination (interferes with viral replication)
Absolute: lactation
D-D: increase risk renal toxicity if taken with other nephrotoxic drugs
ADE:
HA
Dizziness
Nausea
Diarrhea
Elevated liver enzymes
Renal impairment
Patient Teaching:
Caution to not run out of drug because it can cause acute exacerbation
Advise women to use barrier contraceptives
Find alternative feeding method for baby
Patient is still at risk of transferring disease
Anti-Hepatitis B Agents Drugs
Antiviral
Adefovir
Entecavir
Adefovir
Entecavir
Class
Anti-Hepatitis B Agents
Anti-Hepatitis B Agents MOA
MOA: inhibit reverse transcriptase in Hep B virus and cause DNA chain termination (interferes with viral replication)
Anti-Hepatitis B Agents Contraindication, D-D, ADE
Absolute: lactation
D-D: increase risk renal toxicity if taken with other nephrotoxic drugs
ADE:
HA
Dizziness
Nausea
Diarrhea
Elevated liver enzymes
Renal impairment
Anti-Hepatitis B Agents Patient Education
Patient Teaching:
Caution to not run out of drug because it can cause acute exacerbation
Advise women to use barrier contraceptives
Find alternative feeding method for baby
Patient is still at risk of transferring disease
Anti-Hepatitis C Agents
Antiviral
Velpatasvir-Sofosbuvir
Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir
Glecaprevir-Pibrentasvir
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir
MOA: alter viral replication
Indication: used in combination for treatment of chronic hepatitis C
Relative: P/L
Caution: severe liver dz
D-D: protease inhibitors and St. John’s wort
ADE:
HA
Fatigue
Nausea
Diarrhea
Rash
Severe skin reaction
Does not immediately cure disease
Anti-Hepatitis C Agents Drugs
Antiviral
Velpatasvir-Sofosbuvir
Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir
Glecaprevir-Pibrentasvir
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir
Velpatasvir-Sofosbuvir
Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir
Glecaprevir-Pibrentasvir
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir
Class
Anti-Hepatitis C Agents
Anti-Hepatitis C Agents MOA & Indication
MOA: alter viral replication
Indication: used in combination for treatment of chronic hepatitis C
Anti-Hepatitis C Agents C/C, D-D, ADE
Relative: P/L
Caution: severe liver dz
D-D: protease inhibitors and St. John’s wort
ADE:
HA
Fatigue
Nausea
Diarrhea
Rash
Severe skin reaction
Does not immediately cure disease
Locally Active Antivirals
Docosanol
Ganciclovir
Penciclovir
Acyclovir
MOA: act on viruses by interfering with normal viral replication and metabolic processes
Indication: specific load viral infection
ADE: local stinging, burning, discomfort (topical agent)
Locally Active Antivirals Drugs
Docosanol
Ganciclovir
Penciclovir
Acyclovir
Docosanol
Ganciclovir
Penciclovir
Acyclovir
Class
Locally Active Antivirals
Locally Active Antivirals MOA, Indications, ADE
MOA: act on viruses by interfering with normal viral replication and metabolic processes
Indication: specific load viral infection
ADE: local stinging, burning, discomfort (topical agent)
Antimalarials
Antiprotozoal
Quinine
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Mefloquine
Primaquine
MOA: prevent malaria replication or cause malaria cell death
Relative: P/L
Caution: liver dz, alcoholism
Retinal disease or damage, psoriasis, porphyria
D-D:
combination of quinine derivative and quinine are at risk of cardiac toxicity and convulsion
Anti-fungal drugs: increase bone marrow suppression
ADE:
HA, dizziness
N/G
Hepatic dysfunction
rash, hair loss, blindness, ototoxicity
Antimalarials Drugs
Antiprotozoal
Quinine
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Mefloquine
Primaquine
Quinine
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Mefloquine
Primaquine
Class
Antimalarials
Antimalarials MOA
MOA: prevent malaria replication or cause malaria cell death
Antimalarials C/C, D-D, ADE
Relative: P/L
Caution: liver dz, alcoholism
Retinal disease or damage, psoriasis, porphyria
D-D:
combination of quinine derivative and quinine are at risk of cardiac toxicity and convulsion
Anti-fungal drugs: increase bone marrow suppression
ADE:
HA, dizziness
N/G
Hepatic dysfunction
rash, hair loss, blindness, ototoxicity
Other Antiprotozoal Agents
Atovaquone: prevent and rx PCP
Metronidazole: rx amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis
Pentamidine: rx PCP, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
Tinidazole: rx trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis
Benznidazole 9: pediatric pt with Chargas
Pyrimethamine: rx toxoplasmosis
MOA: inhibit DNA synthesis if susceptible protozoa
Caution: P/L; CNS dz; hepatic dz
D-D: alcohol, anticoagulant, disulfiram
ADE:
HA, dizziness, ataxia
peripheral neuropathies
loss of coordination
N/V/D
Other Antiprotozoal Drugs
Atovaquone: prevent and rx PCP
Metronidazole: rx amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis
Pentamidine: rx PCP, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
Tinidazole: rx trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis
Benznidazole 9: pediatric pt with Chargas
Pyrimethamine: rx toxoplasmosis
Atovaquone
Metronidazole
Pentamidine
Tinidazole
Benznidazole 9
Pyrimethamine
Class
Other Antiprotozoal Agents
Other Antiprotozoal Agents MOA
MOA: inhibit DNA synthesis if susceptible protozoa
Other Antiprotozoal Agents Indications
Atovaquone: prevent and rx PCP
Metronidazole: rx amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis
Pentamidine: rx PCP, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
Tinidazole: rx trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis
Benznidazole 9: pediatric pt with Chargas
Pyrimethamine: rx toxoplasmosis
Other Antiprotozoal Agents Caution, D-D, ADE
Caution: P/L; CNS dz; hepatic dz
D-D: alcohol, anticoagulant, disulfiram
ADE:
HA, dizziness, ataxia
peripheral neuropathies
loss of coordination
N/V/D
Vaccines
Routine childhood vaccines
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
Haemophiles B
Hep B/ Hep A
Chickenpox
Poliovirus
Meningitis
Measles, mumps, rubella
Rotavirus
MOA: artificially stimulate active immunity with goal to cause immune response without the patient suffering the full course of the disease
Absolute:
severe to life threatening allergic reaction to any component in vaccines (many are made with egg)
Relative:
presence of immune deficiency (live virus in MMR & Chickenpox)
Pregnancy
Mild or moderate allergic reaction to any component
Patient receiving immune globulin or received blood products within 3 months
Caution:
Febrile convulsion or cerebral injury
Condition where high fever is dangerous
Acute infection
ADE:
fever, chills, malaise, irritability, anorexia, vomiting, rash, pain, redness, swelling at injection site
D-D:
immunosuppressant
Vaccines Names
Routine childhood vaccines
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
Haemophiles B
Hep B/ Hep A
Chickenpox
Poliovirus
Meningitis
Measles, mumps, rubella
Rotavirus
Routine childhood vaccines
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
Haemophiles B
Hep B/ Hep A
Chickenpox
Poliovirus
Meningitis
Measles, mumps, rubella
Rotavirus
Class
Vaccines
Vaccines MOA
MOA: artificially stimulate active immunity with goal to cause immune response without the patient suffering the full course of the disease
Vaccines C/C
Absolute:
severe to life threatening allergic reaction to any component in vaccines (many are made with egg)
Relative:
presence of immune deficiency (live virus in MMR & Chickenpox)
Pregnancy
Mild or moderate allergic reaction to any component
Patient receiving immune globulin or received blood products within 3 months
Caution:
Febrile convulsion or cerebral injury
Condition where high fever is dangerous
Acute infection
Vaccines ADE & D-D
ADE:
fever, chills, malaise, irritability, anorexia, vomiting, rash, pain, redness, swelling at injection site
D-D:
immunosuppressant
Immune Sera
Antitoxin
Antivenom
MOA: sera that contains antibodies to specific bacteria or virus
Indication: prophylaxis against specific disease after exposure
Relative: history of severe reaction to any immune sera
Caution:
pregnancy
coagulation defects
previous exposure to immune sera
ADE:
rash, N/V, chills, feber
allergic reaction: chest tightness, drop in BP, difficulty breathing
Local reaction: swelling, tenderness, pain, muscles stiffness at injection site
D-D: immunosuppressant drugs
Immune Sera Agents
Antitoxin
Antivenom
Antitoxin
Antivenom
Class
Immune Sera
Immune Sera MOA & Indication
MOA: sera that contains antibodies to specific bacteria or virus
Indication: prophylaxis against specific disease after exposure
Immune Sera C/C & D-D
Relative: history of severe reaction to any immune sera
Caution:
pregnancy
coagulation defects
previous exposure to immune sera
D-D: immunosuppressant drugs
Immune Sera ADE
ADE:
rash, N/V, chills, feber
allergic reaction: chest tightness, drop in BP, difficulty breathing
Local reaction: swelling, tenderness, pain, muscles stiffness at injection site
Antithyroid Thioamides
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Methimazole
MOA: prevent formation of thyroid hormone within the thyroid cell
Indications: hyperthyroidism
Caution: PTU and liver impairment
ADE: hypothyroidism
Methimazole: bone marrow suppression
PTU: severe liver toxicity
D-D:
oral anticoagulant
theophylline
beta blockers
digoxin
Antithyroid Iodine Solutions
Sodium I 131 and Sodium I 123
MOA: enter thyroid cells and destroy them by giving off radiation
Indication:
low dose: dx and evaluate thyroid function
high dose: hyperthyroidism; radiation emergencies
Strong sodium solutions; potassium iodine
MOA: high dose saturate thyroid cell preventing thyroid hormone function
Indication:
hyperthyroidism; radiation emergencies
suppression of thyroid gland before surgery
acute thyrotoxicosis
ADE:
hypothyroidism
iodism: iodine toxicity
D-D:
anti-coagulant
theophylline
beta blockers
digoxin
Nursing Considerations:
give iodine solution through straw because stain teeth
Thyroid Hormones
Levothyroxine: T4
Liothyronine: T3
Liotrix: T3/T4
Thyroid Desiccated (pig)
MOA: increases cellular metabolism
Indication:
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema coma: severe hypothyroidism
Pituitary TSH suppression in treatment of euthyroid goiter
Management of thyroid cancer
Thyrotoxicosis in conjunction with other therapy
Relative:
acute MI
Thyrotoxicosis: s/sx hyperthyroidism
Caution: hypo adrenal conditions like Addison’s dz
D-D:
oral anticoagulants
digoxin
theophylline
ADE:
skin rash; hair loss at the beginning
sx hyperthyroidism
cardiac stimulation
CNS effect
Nursing Considerations:
single dose daily 30-60 minutes before breakfast
administer with full glass of water
do not administer other drugs at the same time
Takes several weeks to improve
Thyroid Hormones Drugs
Levothyroxine: T4
Liothyronine: T3
Liotrix: T3/T4
Thyroid Desiccated (pig)
Levothyroxine: T4
Liothyronine: T3
Liotrix: T3/T4
Thyroid Desiccated (pig)
Class
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid Hormones MOA & Indications
MOA: increases cellular metabolism
Indication:
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema coma: severe hypothyroidism
Pituitary TSH suppression in treatment of euthyroid goiter
Management of thyroid cancer
Thyrotoxicosis in conjunction with other therapy
Thyroid Hormones C/C, D-D. ADE
Relative:
acute MI
Thyrotoxicosis: s/sx hyperthyroidism
Caution: hypo adrenal conditions like Addison’s dz
D-D:
oral anticoagulants
digoxin
theophylline
ADE:
skin rash; hair loss at the beginning
sx hyperthyroidism
cardiac stimulation
CNS effect
Thyroid Hormones Nursing Considerations
Nursing Considerations:
single dose daily 30-60 minutes before breakfast
administer with full glass of water
do not administer other drugs at the same time
Takes several weeks to improve
Anti-hypocalcemia Agents
Teriparatide
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol (vitamin D)
MOA
stimulate osteoclasts to release calcium from bone.
Increase intestinal absorption of calcium
Increase calcium resorption from kidneys
Stimulate kidney cells to produce calcitriol
Indications
low calcium in blood
management of hypocalcemia in patients undergoing chronic renal dialysis
treat hypoparathyroidism
Teriparatide: stimulate new bone formation to treat osteoporosis
Relative: hypercalcemia
Caution: history of renal stones
D-D: magnesium containing antiacid
Digoxin
ADE:
GI: metallic taste; N/V/C
CNS: weakness, HA< somnolence
Anti-hypocalcemia Agents Drugs
Teriparatide
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol (vitamin D)
Teriparatide
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol (vitamin D)
Class
Anti-hypocalcemia Agents
Anti-hypocalcemia Agents MOA & Indications
MOA
stimulate osteoclasts to release calcium from bone.
Increase intestinal absorption of calcium
Increase calcium resorption from kidneys
Stimulate kidney cells to produce calcitriol
Indications
low calcium in blood
management of hypocalcemia in patients undergoing chronic renal dialysis
treat hypoparathyroidism
Teriparatide: stimulate new bone formation to treat osteoporosis
Anti-hypocalcemia Agents C/C, D-D, ADE
Relative: hypercalcemia
Caution: history of renal stones
D-D: magnesium containing antiacid
Digoxin
ADE:
GI: metallic taste; N/V/C
CNS: weakness, HA< somnolence
Anti-hypercalcemia Agents
Bisphosphonates:
Bisphosphonates:
Etidronate
Ibandronate
Pamidronate
Risedronate
Alendronate
MOA:
act on serum calcium levels and not directly on parathyroid gland or PTH. Inhibits bone resorption
Indications:
osteoporosis
Paget’s dz
hypercalcemia in cancer
Absolute: hypocalcemia
Relative: renal dysfunction, GI dz, prolonged use
D-D: other drugs; aspirin
ADE:
GI: abdominal pain, nausea, D/C
Esophageal erosion
Bone pain with Paget’s disease
Anti-hypercalcemia Agents
Bisphosphonates: Drugs
Etidronate
Ibandronate
Pamidronate
Risedronate
Alendronate
Etidronate
Ibandronate
Pamidronate
Risedronate
Alendronate
Class
Anti-hypercalcemia Agents
Bisphosphonates:
Anti-hypercalcemia Agents
Calcitonin
Calcitonin:
Calcitonin salmon
MOA:
hormones secreted by thyroid gland to balance effects of PTH; inhibits bone resorption
Indication:
osteoporosis
Paget’s dz
emergency treatment of hypercalcemia
Absolute: allergy to fish
Relative: pregnancy, renal dysfunction, pernicious anemia
ADE:
flushing face and hands
skin rash
N/V
urinary frequency
local inflammation at injection site
Anti-hypercalcemia Agents
Calcitonin Drugs
Calcitonin salmon
Calcitonin salmon
Class
Anti-hypercalcemia Agents
Calcitonin
Antiseizure Hydantoins
Phenytoin
MOA: stabilize nerve membranes by blocking channels in the cell membrane or altering receptor site. Decreases excitability to stimulation
Indication: seizures
Cautions: elderly and debilitated
impaired renal or liver
depression or psychosis
ADE:
CNS depression
Cardiac arrhythmia and hypotension
severe liver toxicity
bone marrow suppression
urinary retention
loss of libido
D-D: alcohol
Antiseizure Barbiturates and Benzodiazepine
Barbiturates: Phenobarbital, Primidone
Benzodiazepine: Clonazepam, Diazepam
MOA: stabilize nerve membranes by blocking channels in the cell membrane or altering receptor site. Decreases excitability to stimulation ‘
Indication: status epileptic seizures
Cautions: elderly and debilitated
impaired renal or liver
depression or psychosis
ADE:
CNS depression
cardiac arrhythmia and change in BP
urinary retention, loss of libido
Physical dependence and withdrawal
BBW: Benzo + opioid = profound sedation
D-D: alcohol
Antiseizure Succinimides
Ethosuximide
Methsuximide
MOA: suppress abnormal electrical activity in brain
Indication: absence seizures
Caution: renal and hepatic dz
ADE:
CNS depressant
Bone marrow suppression
SJS
D-D: primidone
Antiseizure GABA modulators
Valproic acid
Divalproex
MOA: reduce abnormal electrical activity in the brain; increase GABA levels in brain
Caution: hepatic and renal impairment
ADE:
CNS depression
liver toxicity
pancreatitis
DRESS: drug reaction with eosinophils and systemic symptoms (skin and organ failure)
D-D: other antiseizure
Antiseizure: Other
Carbamazepine: BBW serious skin reaction
ADE: agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, bloody dyscrasias
Lamotrigine: BBW serious skin reactions
Levetiracetam
Topiramate: ADE serious skin reaction
All ADE CNS depression
All D-D: CNS depressant, alcohol, and hormonal birth control
Antidepressant Other
Bupropion:
low dose = smoking cessation
available extended and sustained release formulas
Mirtazapine: atypical
many anticholinergic effects
Trazodone: many CNS effects
BBW: suicidality, hypotension, priapism
Esketamine: nasal spray
CNS effects and increase in BP
Tricyclic Antidepressant
Amitriptyline
Nortriptyline
Clomipramine
Desipramine
Imipramine
Trimipramine
Doxepin
MOA: reduce reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine into nerves
Indications:
depression
sleep disorders
enuresis
anxiety
chronic pain
Relative: recent MI
Caution:
CV disease, anticholinergic conditions
manic-depression or bipolar d/p
seizure d/o
D-D:
MAOI
Cimetidine
Fluoxetine
ADE:
CNS: sedation, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, ataxia
GI: dry mouth, C/N/V, anorexia, decrease salivation
CV: tachycardia, HTN, arrhythmias
May take 4 weeks
Amitriptyline
Nortriptyline
Clomipramine
Desipramine
Imipramine
Trimipramine
Doxepin
Class
Tricyclic Antidepressant
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Antidepressant
Isocarboxazid
Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine
Selegiline
MOA: irreversibly inhibit MAO allowing NE, 5HT, DA to accumulate in synaptic cleft
Indication: depression but not the first line
Absolutes pheochromocytoma
Relative: CV dz, HA, renal or hepatic impairment
Caution: bipolar d/o, seizure d/o, hyperthyroidism
ADE
CNS: dizziness, excitement, nervousness, mania, hyperreflexia, tremors, confusion, insomnia, agitation
CV: HTN, tachycardia, arrhythmias
BBW: suicidal ideation especially in children and young adults
D-D:
other antidepressants: coma, hypertensive crisis, convulsions, serotonin syndrome
Sympathomimetic
Antidiabetic: increase risk of hypoglycemia
D-F: tyramine - hypertensive crisis
Antidote: Phentolamine or adrenergic blocker
Takes several weeks to be effective
Isocarboxazid
Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine
Selegiline
Class
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Antidepressant
Antidepressant: Serotonin Norepinephrine Inhibitors (SNRI)
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Venlafaxine
MOA: decrease in neuronal reuptake of both 5HT and NE
Indication: depression, neuropathy pain, fibromyalgia, anxiety
Absolute: MAOI use
Caution: severe depression; suicidality (BBW); bipolar and seizure d/o
ADE:
hyperhidrosis
Erective dysfunction
Cardiac: tachycardia, palpitation, HTN
abnormal bleeding
Anticholinergic: glaucoma and urinary retention
Serotonin syndrome
D-D:
MAOI
SSRI, TCA, serotonergic drugs including St. John Worts
Takes 4 weeks to work
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Venlafaxine
Class
Antidepressant: Serotonin Norepinephrine Inhibitors (SNRI)
Antidepressant: Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitors
Citalopram
Escitalopram
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine
Sertraline
MOA: specifically block reuptake of 5HT
Indications:
depression, OCD, panic attacks, bulimia, premenstrual dysphoric d/o, PTSD, social phobias, social anxiety d/o
Caution: impaired renal and hepatic function; P/L
ADE:
CNS: HA, drowsiness, dizziness, insomnia, anxiety, tremors, agitation
GU: painful menstruation, sexual dysfunction, impotence, urgency
serotonin syndrome
D-D:
MAOI, TCA, SNRI, St. John’s Wort
Takes 4 weeks to work
Citalopram
Escitalopram
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Class
Antidepressant: Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitors
Serotonin Syndrome
Agitation
Confusion
Elevated HR/BP
Muscle Rigidity
Diaphoresis
Diarrhea
HA
High fever
Death
Bipolar Disorder Drugs
Lithium
Aripiprazole
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Ziprasidone
Lithium
Aripiprazole
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Ziprasidone
Class
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder: Lithium
MOA: unknown how affect mania
Alter sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells. Influences reuptake of NE and DA
Relative: significant renal and cardiac dz
Dehydration and risk of dehydration
Hyponatremia
ADE: LITH
leukocytosis
Insipidus
Tremors, teratogenic, thyroid issue
Hypothyroidism
D-D:
haloperidol
Carbamazepine
Diuretic
Herbal psyllium
Pharmacokinetics: 0.6-1.2 mEq/L
kidney reabsorbs more lithium during dehydrated and hyponatremia states
Antipsychotic/Neuroleptic
Typical:
Prochlorperazine
Thioridazine
Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
MOA: block dopamine receptor preventing stimulation of postsynaptic neurons by dopamine to depress RAS
Atypical
Aripiprazole
Brexipiprazole
Quetiapine
Olanzapine
Clozapine
Risperidone
Ziprasidone
Iloperidone
MOA: block dopamine and serotonin receptors
Indications:
schizophrenia
hyperactivity
combative and agitated behaviors
severe behavioral problems in children
adjunct therapy to major depressive d/o
Relative:
CNS depression
blood dyscrasias
PD
prolonged QT intervals
BBW: serious CV events including death can occur patient with dementia
Caution: condition worsened by anticholinergic effects
seizure d/o
liver, renal, cardiac dz
ADE:
CNS:
drowsiness & sedation
weakness
tremors
extrapyramidal effects including pseudo-parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Anticholinergic effects
Gynecomastia
CV: prolonged QT intervals, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension
Bone marrow suppression
D-D: CNS depressant including alcohol; Anticholinergics
Anti-parkinsonism: Dopaminergic Agents
Amantadine
Carbidopa-levodopa
Levodopa
Rasagiline
Ropinirole
MOA: increase dopamine or increase stimulation of dopamine receptor
Absolute: lactation
Relative: angle closure glaucoma
Caution:
CV dz, bronchial asthma, history of peptic ulcer, urinary tract obstruction, psychiatric d/o, pregnancy
ADE:
CNS: anxiety, nervousness
Peripheral: anorexia, nausea, dysphagia, urinary retention
Cardiac: arrhythmia, orthostatic hypotension
D-D:
MAOI: increase risk HTN crisis
Vitamin B6: decrease levodopa
carbidopa-levodopa: iron salt
Rasagiline: tyramine-containing food, St. John wort
Acetaminophen
Anti-parkinsonism
Anticholinergic Agents
Benztropine
Diphenhydramine (children)
MOA: synthetic drug with greater affinity for cholinergic receptor site in CNS than PNS. Block overexcited cholinergic neurons.
Indication: rx PD
Relief of sx of extrapyramidal d/o associated with use of some drugs
Relative: condition exacerbated by blocking PNS
Caution: tachycardia; HTN; P/L; individual at risk for heat exhaustion
ADE:
CNS and peripheral anticholinergic effects
decrease ability to sweat
D-D:
other anticholinergic
Antipsychotics
Adjunctive Antiparkinsonism
Improve patient response to traditional therapy
Entacapone: used with carbidopa-levodopa to increase plasma concentration and duration of action of levodopa
Tolcapone: works in similar way with carbidopa-levodopa to increase plasma concentration of levodopa
Safinamide: word with carbidopa-levodopa in patient with PD that are having off episodes (normal treatment regimen stops working)
Selegiline: used with carbidopa-levodopa after patient shown sx of deteriorating response with this treatment
Other Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs
Antihistamine (Promethazine; Diphenhydramine) : preoperative medication and postoperative to decrease the need for opioid
Buspirone: reduce s/sx anxiety without severe CNS and ADE
Eszopiclone: insomnia
Ramelteon: melatonin receptor agonist; treat insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset
Suvorexant: insomnia
Zaleplon and Zolpidem: short-term treatment of insomnia
CNS Stimulants
Amphetamine
Armodafinil
Atomoxetine
Dexmethylphenidate
Dextroamphetamine
Lisdexamfetamine
Methylphenidate
Modafinil
MOA: increase the release of catecholamines from presynaptic neurons leading to increase stimulatory postsynaptic neurons
Indications: ADHD; narcolepsy and various sleep d/o
Relative: marked anxiety, agitation, tension, severe fatigue, glaucoma, cardiac dz
Caution: history of seizures, history of drug dependence including alcoholism (controlled substance), HTN, P/L
ADE:
nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, HA, blurred vision, anorexia, nausea, weight loss
D-D:
MAOI/TCA
some OTC medication
Caffeine
CNS Stimulants MOA and Indications
MOA: increase the release of catecholamines from presynaptic neurons leading to increase stimulatory postsynaptic neurons
Indications: ADHD; narcolepsy and various sleep d/o
CNS Stimulants C/C, ADE, D-D
Relative: marked anxiety, agitation, tension, severe fatigue, glaucoma, cardiac dz
Caution: history of seizures, history of drug dependence including alcoholism (controlled substance), HTN, P/L
ADE:
nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, HA, blurred vision, anorexia, nausea, weight loss
D-D:
MAOI/TCA
some OTC medication
Caffeine
CNS Stimulants Drugs
Amphetamine
Armodafinil
Atomoxetine
Dexmethylphenidate
Dextroamphetamine
Lisdexamfetamine
Methylphenidate
Modafinil
Amphetamine
Armodafinil
Atomoxetine
Dexmethylphenidate
Dextroamphetamine
Lisdexamfetamine
Methylphenidate
Modafinil
Class
CNS Stimulants
Muscle Relaxant: Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
Baclofen,
Carisoprodol
Cyclobenzaprine
Metaxalone
Methocarbamol
Tizanidine
MOA: work in upper levels of CNS to interfere with reflexes causing muscle spasms (spasmolytic)
Indication:
relief of discomfort associated with acute painful musculoskeletal conditions
Adjunct to rest, PT/OT
Absolute: rheumatic d/o
Caution:
epilepsy, P/L, cardiac dysfunction, condition marked by muscle weakness, hepatic/renal impairment
ADE:
drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, confusion, HA
Nausea, dry mouth, hypotension, urinary frequency
D-D: CNS depressant; alcohol
Muscle Relaxant: Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant MOA & Indication
MOA: work in upper levels of CNS to interfere with reflexes causing muscle spasms (spasmolytic)
Indication:
relief of discomfort associated with acute painful musculoskeletal conditions
Adjunct to rest, PT/OT
Muscle Relaxant: Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant C/C, ADE, D-D
Absolute: rheumatic d/o
Caution:
epilepsy, P/L, cardiac dysfunction, condition marked by muscle weakness, hepatic/renal impairment
ADE:
drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, confusion, HA
Nausea, dry mouth, hypotension, urinary frequency
D-D: CNS depressant; alcohol
Muscle Relaxant: Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Drugs
Baclofen,
Carisoprodol
Cyclobenzaprine
Metaxalone
Methocarbamol
Tizanidine
Baclofen,
Carisoprodol
Cyclobenzaprine
Metaxalone
Methocarbamol
Tizanidine
Class
Muscle Relaxant: Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
Muscle Relaxant: Direct-Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
Dantrolene
Incobotulinumtoxin A
Onabotulmumtoxin A
Rimabotulinumtoxin B
MOA: enter muscle to prevent muscle contraction directly
Indication: treat spasticity directly affecting peripheral muscle contraction. Management spasticity associated with neuromuscular dz
Absolute: lactation
Relative: spasticity contributes locomotion. upright position, hepatic dz
Caution:
women, patient over 35 Y, liver dz, cardiac dz, respiratory depression, pregnancy
ADE:
fatigue, weakness, confusion, GI irritation, enuresis
D-D: estrogen: increase risk fetal hepatocellular dz
NMJ blockers interfere with neuromuscular transmission
Anxiolytic & Hypnotic Benzodiazepines
Alprazolam
Clonazepam
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Midazolam
Temazepam
MOA:
act in limbic system and RAS by making GABA more effective and interferes with neurons
Lower dose: anxiety
Higher dose: sedation and hypnosis
Indication:
anxiety d/o
alcohol withdrawal prevent alcohol withdrawal seizure
panic d/o
restless leg syndrome
seizure d/o
insomnia
Relative:
P/L
psychosis, shock, coma, acute narrow angle glaucoma, acute alcohol intoxication
Caution:
OA and debilitate patient
renal or hepatic dysfunction
ADE:
dry mouth, constipation, N/V
hypotension
urinary retention
sedation, drowsiness, depression, lethargy, blurred vision, confusion
D-D:
increase CNS depression when taken with alcohol or other CNS depressant
increase effects with cimetidine, oral contraceptives, and disulfiram
decrease effect with theophylline
Antidote: Flumazenil