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Biology 181 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

ability to do work

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2
Q

potential energy

A

associeate with position and/or configuration

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3
Q

what are two examples of potential energy?

A

chemical potential energy: stored in the bonds between atoms in a molecule
electrochemical gradient:” ions or charged molecules

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4
Q

kinetic energy

A

associated with movement

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5
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can only be transformed or transferred ( lose and gain energy)

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6
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the amount of entropy in a system always increases

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7
Q

entropy

A

the amount of disorder in a system
exothermic chemical reaction: high entropy
endothermic chemical reaction: low entropy

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8
Q

exergonic reaction

A

reactants have higher potential energy than products
- energy is released = spontaneous
- hydrolysis r(x) break things apart

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9
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reactants have lower potential energy than products
- energy is absorbed = non-spontaneous
- dehydrations r(x) bring things together

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10
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

energy currency of the cell that fuels most endergonic reactions, energy requirments

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11
Q

ATP structure

A
  • 3 negative charged phosphate groups = repel
  • atp is high in potential energy (chemical potential energy)
  • unstable because of the 3 PO4^-3 = ready to release E
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12
Q

ATP hydrolysis r(x)

A

ATP + H2O —(hydrolysis)–> ADP + Pi + E
Pi = inorganic phosphate
ADP = adenosine diphosphate

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13
Q

describe the process of energetic coupling

A
  1. start with an endergonic reactions
  2. add the hydrolysis of ATP (source of E)
    A + B –> C
    + ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi + E
    ______________________________
    A+BPi (receives E)+ADP -> C+ADP+Pi = A + BPi -> C + Pi
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14
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

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15
Q

catalyst

A

increase the chemical r(x) they catalyze
- specific to the chemical r(x) they catalyze
- are not consumed in the chemical r(x) = re-used
- help reactions find each other at the right time and same place
- have an active site that is specidic to the subtrate of the r(x)

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16
Q

substrate

A

reactant in the presence of an enzyme

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17
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

enzymes lower the activation energy (Ea) of the reactions

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18
Q

activation energy (Ea)

A

energy required by EVERY reaction to overcome the transition state

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19
Q

transition state

A

when bonds are breaking in the substrates/reactants and form in the products

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20
Q

steps of induced fit

A
  1. active site attracts the substrate
  2. the enzyme undergoes a confromational change (when substrate occupy the active site)
  3. reaction happens = products are made
  4. products are released –> enzyme goes back to its original shape
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21
Q

what are enzymes optimal conditions and what do they depend on?

A

optimal conditions: temperature and pH
depends on organisms, organelle, and organ

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22
Q

metabolic pathways

A

series of steps (chemical rx) with each reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme

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23
Q

what happens when one of the enzymes is inactivated in a metabolic pathway?

A
  • everything after the inactivated enzyme the concentration goes down
  • the initial concentration goes up
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24
Q

regulation

A

cell shave the ability to increase/decrease the rate of a metabolic pathway

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25
Q

feedback inhibition

A

an excess (high concentration) of the overall product of a metabolic pathway inhibits one enzyme in the pathway

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26
Q

oxidation

A

loses electrons

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27
Q

reduction

A

gains electrons

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28
Q

REDOX readctions

A

reduction/oxidation reactions in which electrons are exchange

29
Q

e- carriers

A

molecules that can be oxidized/reduced
- in cellular respiration NAD+ is oxidized and NADH is reduced
* often when e- are exchanged protons (h+ ions) are also exchanged
* reduced version has HIGHER POTENTIAL ENERGYc

30
Q

cellular respiration

A

process in which glucose is oxidized into CO2 in the presence of O2 and ATP is synthesized

31
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (34-38) ATP

32
Q

exergonic 4 steps

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. breakdown of pyruvate
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain + oxidation phosphorylation
33
Q

glycolysis

A

1 glucose is oxidized into two pyruvate molecules
- where? cytosol
- metabolic pathways of 10 reactions and three phases
1. energy investment phase
2. cleavage phase
3. energy liberation phase

34
Q

summary of glycolysis

A

IN: | OUT
1 glucose (6C). | 2 pyruvate (3C)
2 ATP. | 2 ADP
4 ADP (P3) | 4 ATP
2 NAD+ | 2 NADH
* net gain of 2 ATP

35
Q

breakdown of pyruvate

A

pyruvate is oxidized into CO2 and Acetyl CoA
- where? mitochondria matrix

35
Q

breakdown of pyruvate summary

A

IN: | OUT:
2 pruvate | 2 CO2 + 2 Acetyl CoA
2 NAD+. | 2 NADH
2 coenzyme (CoA)

36
Q

citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is oxidized into CO2
- metabolic pathway of 8 reactions
- called a cycle because the product of rx #8 is the substrate for rx #1
- where? mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

citric acid cycle summary

A

IN: | OUT:
2 Acetyl CoA | 4 CO2
6 NAD+. | 6 NADH
2 FAD | 2 FADH2
2 ADP | 2 ATP

38
Q

what is the final product after the CAC?

A

1 glucose = 6 CO2
- 2 CO2 produced in the breakdown of pyruvate
- 4 CO2 produced in the CAC

39
Q

What is the net ATP at the end of CAC?

A

2 Net ATP (glycolysis) + 2 ATP (CAC) = 4 ATP

40
Q

where is most of the energy in 1 glucose in at the end of the CAC?

A

10 NADH and 2 FADH2

41
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of redox rx in which NADH and FADH2 are OXIDIZED into NAD+ and FAD, and oxygen is REDUCED into water
- made up of 4 protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- O2 is the final e- acceptor
- H+ electrochemical gradient (rich in potential energy)

42
Q

ATP synthase

A

allows the passage of H+ (down gradient) - PROTON transporting base
- shaft and rotor of the enzyme that rotates as H+ moves through
- participates in OXIDATIVE phosphorylation in which the E in a H+ electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP

43
Q

glycolysis vs ATP synthase

A

GLYCOLYSIS: ATP is produced as part of a metabolic pathway (enzyme mediated)

ATP SYNTHASE: no metabolic pathway, harvest E from a H+ electrochemical gradient (oxidation phosphorylation)

44
Q

explain how glycolysis, BofP, and CAC are regulated by an excess of ATP

A

cells have the ability to increase the rate by the concentration of ATP
- increase in conc. of ATP = decrease in the rate
- decrease in conc. of ATP = increase in the rate

45
Q

explain how ETC and oxidation phosphorylation are regulated by an absence of O2

A

when O2 is absent it stops the ETC = stops the formations of H+ electrochemical gradient = stops the production of ATP using ATP synthase

46
Q

what is the total yield of ATP from 1 glucose molecule (after glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, CAC, ETC, and oxidation phosphorylation)

A

glycolysis: 2 ATP
breakdown of pyruvate: 0 ATP
CAC: 2 ATP
Oxi. phosph. + ETC: 30-34 ATP \
total: 34-38 ATP

47
Q

Fermentation

A

anaerobic respiration; it is an alternative pathway for ATP production
- in humans it is lactic acid fermentation
- relies on glycolysis

48
Q

photosynthesis

A

process of transforming electromagnetic energy (light) into chemical energy (producing sugar)

49
Q

photosynthesis summary equation

A

6H2O + 6CO2 + Light (energy) –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (byproduct)
* 6 CO2 is reduced to C6H12O6
* 6H2O is oxidized to 6O2

50
Q

photosynthesis versus cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis: endergonic, 6H2O + 6CO2 + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2, happens in the chloroplast (plant)

cellular respiration: exergonic, C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP, happens in the mitochondria

51
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that produce all or most of their own organic compounds from inorganic sources

52
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use light as a source of E CO2 as a source of carbon (inorganic)

53
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that require to take nutrition from other sources of organic carbon

54
Q

how does photosynthesis and cellular respiration link together in the energy cycle?

A
  1. CO2 + H2O + light goes through photosynthesis
  2. photosynthesis created organic molecules (C6H12O6 + 6O2)
  3. that product goes through cellular respiration
  4. cellular respiration creates ATP and CO2 + H2O
    repeat
55
Q

stomata

A

opening for gas exchange
* CO2 in O2 out

56
Q

chloroplast structure

A
  • has an inner and outer membrane
  • thylakoid: disc inside
  • granum: stack of thylakoid
  • stroma: liquid between thylakoid and inner membrane
57
Q

what is light dual quality

A
  1. particles= photons
  2. wave= each wave has a wavelength
58
Q

wavelength

A

determines the amount of energy for the type of light

59
Q

pigments

A

molecules that absorb photons of specific wavelengths

60
Q

what are the two types of pigments in plant leaves?

A
  1. chlorophyll a and b
  2. carotenoid
61
Q

chlorophyll a and b

A
  • indispensable
  • absorb red and blue
  • reflect green
62
Q

carotenoids

A
  • includes carotenes and xanthophylls
  • absorbs green and blue
  • reflect red, orange, and yellow
63
Q

what are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. light reaction
  2. Calvin cycle
64
Q

the steps of light reaction

A
  1. light reaches PS II, e- capture E -> enter ETC
  2. as e- move through the ETC - H+ are moved against their gradient and form an electrochemical gradient inside the thylakoid
  3. e- leave the ETC and are received by PS I
  4. energized e- leave PS I and reduced NADP+ to NADPH
  5. ATP synthase harvest the E in the H+ gradient and makes ATP
  6. H2O replenishes the e- lost by PS II (CO2 is released)
65
Q

photosystem (PS)

A

complex of molecules, including chlorophyll and carotenes that capture light

66
Q

Calvin cycle stages

A
  1. fixation of CO2: brings in CO2 makes 3PGA (3C)
  2. reduction phase: use ATP and NADPH to make G3P
  3. regeneration: use G3P to restore the substrates of phase 1
67
Q

carbon fixation

A

addition of CO2 to an organic compound
- carried out by enzyme RUBISCO

Biology 181 (7 decks)

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