Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 181 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

ability to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

potential energy

A

associeate with position and/or configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are two examples of potential energy?

A

chemical potential energy: stored in the bonds between atoms in a molecule
electrochemical gradient:” ions or charged molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

kinetic energy

A

associated with movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can only be transformed or transferred ( lose and gain energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the amount of entropy in a system always increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

entropy

A

the amount of disorder in a system
exothermic chemical reaction: high entropy
endothermic chemical reaction: low entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

exergonic reaction

A

reactants have higher potential energy than products
- energy is released = spontaneous
- hydrolysis r(x) break things apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reactants have lower potential energy than products
- energy is absorbed = non-spontaneous
- dehydrations r(x) bring things together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

energy currency of the cell that fuels most endergonic reactions, energy requirments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ATP structure

A
  • 3 negative charged phosphate groups = repel
  • atp is high in potential energy (chemical potential energy)
  • unstable because of the 3 PO4^-3 = ready to release E
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ATP hydrolysis r(x)

A

ATP + H2O —(hydrolysis)–> ADP + Pi + E
Pi = inorganic phosphate
ADP = adenosine diphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the process of energetic coupling

A
  1. start with an endergonic reactions
  2. add the hydrolysis of ATP (source of E)
    A + B –> C
    + ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi + E
    ______________________________
    A+BPi (receives E)+ADP -> C+ADP+Pi = A + BPi -> C + Pi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

catalyst

A

increase the chemical r(x) they catalyze
- specific to the chemical r(x) they catalyze
- are not consumed in the chemical r(x) = re-used
- help reactions find each other at the right time and same place
- have an active site that is specidic to the subtrate of the r(x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

substrate

A

reactant in the presence of an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

enzymes lower the activation energy (Ea) of the reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

activation energy (Ea)

A

energy required by EVERY reaction to overcome the transition state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

transition state

A

when bonds are breaking in the substrates/reactants and form in the products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

steps of induced fit

A
  1. active site attracts the substrate
  2. the enzyme undergoes a confromational change (when substrate occupy the active site)
  3. reaction happens = products are made
  4. products are released –> enzyme goes back to its original shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are enzymes optimal conditions and what do they depend on?

A

optimal conditions: temperature and pH
depends on organisms, organelle, and organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

metabolic pathways

A

series of steps (chemical rx) with each reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens when one of the enzymes is inactivated in a metabolic pathway?

A
  • everything after the inactivated enzyme the concentration goes down
  • the initial concentration goes up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

regulation

A

cell shave the ability to increase/decrease the rate of a metabolic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
feedback inhibition
an excess (high concentration) of the overall product of a metabolic pathway inhibits one enzyme in the pathway
26
oxidation
loses electrons
27
reduction
gains electrons
28
REDOX readctions
reduction/oxidation reactions in which electrons are exchange
29
e- carriers
molecules that can be oxidized/reduced - in cellular respiration NAD+ is oxidized and NADH is reduced * often when e- are exchanged protons (h+ ions) are also exchanged * reduced version has HIGHER POTENTIAL ENERGYc
30
cellular respiration
process in which glucose is oxidized into CO2 in the presence of O2 and ATP is synthesized
31
cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (34-38) ATP
32
exergonic 4 steps
1. glycolysis 2. breakdown of pyruvate 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain + oxidation phosphorylation
33
glycolysis
1 glucose is oxidized into two pyruvate molecules - where? cytosol - metabolic pathways of 10 reactions and three phases 1. energy investment phase 2. cleavage phase 3. energy liberation phase
34
summary of glycolysis
IN: | OUT 1 glucose (6C). | 2 pyruvate (3C) 2 ATP. | 2 ADP 4 ADP (P3) | 4 ATP 2 NAD+ | 2 NADH * net gain of 2 ATP
35
breakdown of pyruvate
pyruvate is oxidized into CO2 and Acetyl CoA - where? mitochondria matrix
35
breakdown of pyruvate summary
IN: | OUT: 2 pruvate | 2 CO2 + 2 Acetyl CoA 2 NAD+. | 2 NADH 2 coenzyme (CoA)
36
citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA is oxidized into CO2 - metabolic pathway of 8 reactions - called a cycle because the product of rx #8 is the substrate for rx #1 - where? mitochondrial matrix
37
citric acid cycle summary
IN: | OUT: 2 Acetyl CoA | 4 CO2 6 NAD+. | 6 NADH 2 FAD | 2 FADH2 2 ADP | 2 ATP
38
what is the final product after the CAC?
1 glucose = 6 CO2 - 2 CO2 produced in the breakdown of pyruvate - 4 CO2 produced in the CAC
39
What is the net ATP at the end of CAC?
2 Net ATP (glycolysis) + 2 ATP (CAC) = 4 ATP
40
where is most of the energy in 1 glucose in at the end of the CAC?
10 NADH and 2 FADH2
41
electron transport chain
series of redox rx in which NADH and FADH2 are OXIDIZED into NAD+ and FAD, and oxygen is REDUCED into water - made up of 4 protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria - O2 is the final e- acceptor - H+ electrochemical gradient (rich in potential energy)
42
ATP synthase
allows the passage of H+ (down gradient) - PROTON transporting base - shaft and rotor of the enzyme that rotates as H+ moves through - participates in OXIDATIVE phosphorylation in which the E in a H+ electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP
43
glycolysis vs ATP synthase
GLYCOLYSIS: ATP is produced as part of a metabolic pathway (enzyme mediated) ATP SYNTHASE: no metabolic pathway, harvest E from a H+ electrochemical gradient (oxidation phosphorylation)
44
explain how glycolysis, BofP, and CAC are regulated by an excess of ATP
cells have the ability to increase the rate by the concentration of ATP - increase in conc. of ATP = decrease in the rate - decrease in conc. of ATP = increase in the rate
45
explain how ETC and oxidation phosphorylation are regulated by an absence of O2
when O2 is absent it stops the ETC = stops the formations of H+ electrochemical gradient = stops the production of ATP using ATP synthase
46
what is the total yield of ATP from 1 glucose molecule (after glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, CAC, ETC, and oxidation phosphorylation)
glycolysis: 2 ATP breakdown of pyruvate: 0 ATP CAC: 2 ATP Oxi. phosph. + ETC: 30-34 ATP \ total: 34-38 ATP
47
Fermentation
anaerobic respiration; it is an alternative pathway for ATP production - in humans it is lactic acid fermentation - relies on glycolysis
48
photosynthesis
process of transforming electromagnetic energy (light) into chemical energy (producing sugar)
49
photosynthesis summary equation
6H2O + 6CO2 + Light (energy) --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (byproduct) * 6 CO2 is reduced to C6H12O6 * 6H2O is oxidized to 6O2
50
photosynthesis versus cellular respiration
Photosynthesis: endergonic, 6H2O + 6CO2 + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2, happens in the chloroplast (plant) cellular respiration: exergonic, C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP, happens in the mitochondria
51
autotrophs
organisms that produce all or most of their own organic compounds from inorganic sources
52
photoautotrophs
use light as a source of E CO2 as a source of carbon (inorganic)
53
heterotrophs
organisms that require to take nutrition from other sources of organic carbon
54
how does photosynthesis and cellular respiration link together in the energy cycle?
1. CO2 + H2O + light goes through photosynthesis 2. photosynthesis created organic molecules (C6H12O6 + 6O2) 3. that product goes through cellular respiration 4. cellular respiration creates ATP and CO2 + H2O repeat
55
stomata
opening for gas exchange * CO2 in O2 out
56
chloroplast structure
* has an inner and outer membrane * thylakoid: disc inside * granum: stack of thylakoid * stroma: liquid between thylakoid and inner membrane
57
what is light dual quality
1. particles= photons 2. wave= each wave has a wavelength
58
wavelength
determines the amount of energy for the type of light
59
pigments
molecules that absorb photons of specific wavelengths
60
what are the two types of pigments in plant leaves?
1. chlorophyll a and b 2. carotenoid
61
chlorophyll a and b
- indispensable - absorb red and blue - reflect green
62
carotenoids
- includes carotenes and xanthophylls - absorbs green and blue - reflect red, orange, and yellow
63
what are the two stages of photosynthesis?
1. light reaction 2. Calvin cycle
64
the steps of light reaction
1. light reaches PS II, e- capture E -> enter ETC 2. as e- move through the ETC - H+ are moved against their gradient and form an electrochemical gradient inside the thylakoid 3. e- leave the ETC and are received by PS I 4. energized e- leave PS I and reduced NADP+ to NADPH 5. ATP synthase harvest the E in the H+ gradient and makes ATP 6. H2O replenishes the e- lost by PS II (CO2 is released)
65
photosystem (PS)
complex of molecules, including chlorophyll and carotenes that capture light
66
Calvin cycle stages
1. fixation of CO2: brings in CO2 makes 3PGA (3C) 2. reduction phase: use ATP and NADPH to make G3P 3. regeneration: use G3P to restore the substrates of phase 1
67
carbon fixation
addition of CO2 to an organic compound - carried out by enzyme RUBISCO

Biology 181 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions