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Biology 181 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. new cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

What do all cells have?

A
  1. Plasma membrane- defines internal environment
  2. Nucleic acids- genetic information
  3. Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
  4. Carbohydrates- source of E (energy)
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3
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

efficient of bringing in materials and taking out waste
* speed of exchange -> rate of diffusion

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4
Q

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

SA/V = ratio

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5
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

simple organization with no membrane-bound organelle

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6
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis

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7
Q

cell wall

A

rigid outer layer that provides structure, support, and protection

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8
Q

pili

A

thin projection used for attachment

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9
Q

glycolyx

A

prevents desiccation
* found in only some prokaryotic cells

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10
Q

nucleoid (prokaryotic)

A

location of DNA, DNA is organized in one circular chromosome

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11
Q

plasma membrane

A

boundary that defines the internal environment of the cell

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12
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside the cell

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13
Q

flagellum (a)

A

long appendage for movement
* not all prokaryotes have a flagella

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14
Q

origin of the nuclear encelope

A

ancestral archaean cell plasma membrane starts to fold into the cell surrounding the nucleoid forming the nuclear envelope
* membrane bound organelles in the endomembrane system share a common formation process*

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15
Q

endomembrane system

A

nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum - rough and smooth
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisome
vacuoles
*common origin, work together, all have a single membrane

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16
Q

Benefits of Compartmentalization

A
  1. division of labor
  2. concentrate materials
  3. separate processes (chemical reaction) that are incompatible with each other
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17
Q

organic molecules

A

carbon containing molecules found in living organism

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18
Q

macromolecules

A

nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids

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19
Q

polymers

A

are molecules made of smaller units called monomers

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20
Q

dehydration reaction

A

rx used to bind monomers together where H2O is a product

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21
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

rx used to break apart a monomer from a polymer where H2O is part of the reaction

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22
Q

proteins

A

made of C, H, O, N
cell structure of movement of cell, defense, cell to cell communication, membrane transport, catalyst -> enzyme

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23
Q

what is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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24
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA + RNA
DNA= store genetic information
RNA= decode the information in DNA

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25
what is the monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
26
carbohydrates
molecules made of C, H, O source of energy (ATP), carbon, part of nucleotides, provides cell identity
27
lipids
nonpolar molecules made of C, H, and occasionally O make plasma membrane, act as hormones, store energy
28
what are the monomers of lipids?
fatty acid chains
29
Triglycerides
glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> (3 dehydration rx) triglyceride + 3H2O function= stores energy
30
phospholipids
main component of biological membrane has a polar head and non-polar tails = amphipathic
31
steroids
4 ring structure (non-polar) Function= hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone) + cholesterol (found in animal membrane)
32
Electronegativity
non-polar covalent bonds: 0 to 0.5 electronegativity polar covalent bond: 0.6 to 1.7 electronegativity ionic bond: >1.7 electronegativity
33
saturated fatty acid chain
all c-atoms form only single bond, is solid at room temperature, and found in animals
34
unsaturated fatty acid chain
at least one double covalent bond, is a liquid at room temperature, and found in plants
35
Fluid-mosaic model
is phospholipid bilayer protein embedded (traverse the bilayer) on either surface carbohydrates attached to phospholipids/protein phospholipids move
36
How do phospholipids move in the membrane?
1. latterly with other phospholipids nearby 2. turn in place * more movement = more fluidity = more permeability
37
fluidity
movement of phospholipids
38
permeability
ability of molecules and ions to cross a lipid bilayer
39
what factors influence fluidity?
length of fatty acid tails fatty acid saturation temperature
40
Length of fatty acid tails and its effects of fluidity?
long = low fluidity short = high fluidity
41
fatty acid saturation effects of fluidity
unsaturated = high saturated = low
42
temperature and its effects on fluidity
high = high low = low
43
Cholesterol and its role in fluidity
found in animal cells + a four ring structure at freezing temp. a high concentration prevents membrane from freezing = increase fluidity at high temp. a high concentration of cholesterol = decreases fluidity
44
What molecules have high permeability?
gases: O2, CO2, N2 (Small molecules pass freely) small and uncharged molecules (ethanol)
45
What molecules have moderate permeability?
small and polar molecules (water)
46
What molecules have low permeability?
polar and large organic molecule (glucose)
47
What molecules have very low permeability?
any ion (Na+, K+, Cl-, CA2+) charged, polar molecules macromolecules
48
Which factors influence substance permeability?
size and charge
49
Passive transport
-moves substances across a biological membrane from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc. -WITHOUT THE USE OF ENERGY
50
Simple diffusion
type of passive transport down gradient w/o use of energy can be done without membrane
51
Osmosis
- type of passive transport - moves water across a membrane without the use of energy - moves from high conc. of H2O to low conc. of H2O - low conc. of solute -> high conc. of solute
52
isotonic
the outside and inside of the cell are equal
53
hypotonic
the outside of the cell has a lower solute conc. than the inside of the cell *water moves into the cell*
54
hypertonic
the outside of the cell has a higher solute conc. than the inside of the cell * water moves out of the cell
55
facilitated diffusion
passive transport that uses a transport protein
56
transport protein
protein that traverses the membrane and provide passage for ions and hydrophilic molecules two types: channels and transporters
57
channels
allows passage of ions and molecules cell control when to open/close = gated *channels are specific to the solute*
58
transporter protein
they undergo conformational change (change in shape) specific to the substance they move
59
active transport
movement of substances across a semi-permeable membrane against a concentration gradient (low conc. -> high conc.) ALWAYS USES ENERGY + TRANSPORTER PROTEIN
60
Primary active transport
- protein = pump - energy = ATP *undergoes conformational change
61
Secondary Active Transport
- protein = transporter - energy = electrochemical gradient * charged concentration gradient provides enough energy to undergo conformational change

Biology 181 (7 decks)

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